ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2001
Biology of Giardia lamblia.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 454 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
454 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,231 citations in OpenAlex.
- Giardia duodenalis in Rodents: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Pooled it
- Giardia spp., the most ubiquitous protozoan parasite in Argentina: human, animal and environmental surveys reported in the last 40 years.Parasitology research · 2020Pooled it
- Intervention and Mechanisms of Alanyl-glutamine for Inflammation, Nutrition, and Enteropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2020Trial
- GlRac regulates an ATG8-independent autophagy-like pathway in Giardia lamblia.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Regarding the Zoonotic Transmission ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Comparison of multilocus genotyping and a commercial beta-giardin qPCR assay for detection of Giardia duodenalis zoonotic assemblages in cat and dog samples.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Review
- Phytoextracts Used in the Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis: Current State.Acta parasitologica · 2026Review
- The differential roles of Giardia duodenalis-secreted tenascins in inducing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and the attributed EGFR-STAT3 axis regulation.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Assessment of three major intestinal protozoan infections in Kermanshah, Iran: a pre- and post-COVID-19 study.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Iron Regulatory Mechanism IRE/IRP-like in Two Protozoa of Importance to Human Health,Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Cross-species transmission of gastrointestinal parasites between wild and domestic canids.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Sengota Primary Schoolchildren in Dendi District, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Effect of inoculation dose on infection kinetics and immune responses to Giardia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The history of giardiasis.Parasitology research · 2025Review
- Host range expansion of asexual parasite can be explained by loss of adaptions in Muller's Ratchet.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A Review of the Human Health Risks from Microbial Hazards in Recreational Beach Sand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Incidental Detection ofClinical case reports · 2025Article
- Synthesis ofVeterinary sciences · 2025Review
394 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals throughout the world. It can be distinguished from other Giardia species by light or electron microscopy. The two major genotypes of G. lamblia that infect humans are so different genetically and biologically that they may warrant separate species or subspecies designations. Trophozoites have nuclei and a well-developed cytoskeleton but lack mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the components of oxidative phosphorylation. They have an endomembrane system with at least some characteristics of the Golgi complex and encoplasmic reticulum, which becomes more extensive in encysting organisms. The primitive nature of the organelles and metabolism, as well as small-subunit rRNA phylogeny, has led to the proposal that Giardia spp. are among the most primitive eukaryotes. G. lamblia probably has a ploidy of 4 and a genome size of approximately 10 to 12 Mb divided among five chromosomes. Most genes have short 5' and 3' untranslated regions and promoter regions that are near the initiation codon. Trophozoites exhibit antigenic variation of an extensive repertoire of cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins. Expression is allele specific, and changes in expression from one vsp gene to another have not been associated with sequence alterations or gene rearrangements. The Giardia genome project promises to greatly increase our understanding of this interesting and enigmatic organism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.