ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2001
Effect of reducing ambulance response times on deaths from out of hospital cardiac arrest: cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 258 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing the incomparable: Population densities and first responder groups through alternate statistics.Resuscitation plus · 2025Review
- Challenges in resuscitation and survival factors of in-hospital cardiac arrest with suspected cardiovascular etiology: A multicenter retrospective study in Beijing, China.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic phases on emergency medical services reaction times in Southern Poland.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rapid Access to Emergency Medical Services Within Historically Redlined Areas.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Modelling emergency response times for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) patients in rural areas of the North of England using routinely collected data.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Observational
- Timing is survival: modeling how earlier calls improve cardiac arrest outcomes.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Response times in rural areas for emergency medical services, fire and rescue services and voluntary first responders during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.Resuscitation plus · 2024Article
- A roadmap to building first responder networks: Lessons learned and best practices from Belgium and Switzerland.Resuscitation plus · 2023Article
- The Influence of Cardiac Arrest Floor-Level Location within a Building on Survival Outcomes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Making Cities Smarter-Optimization Problems for the IoT Enabled Smart City Development: A Mapping of Applications, Objectives, Constraints.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Influence of advanced life support response time on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient outcomes in Taipei.PloS one · 2022Article
- Unmet Need for Emergency Medical Services in Hanoi, Vietnam.JMA journal · 2021Article
- Development of quality indicators to measure pre-hospital emergency medical services for road traffic injury.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness of a novel smartphone application to mobilize first responders after witnessed OHCA in Belgium.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2020Article
- Shortening Ambulance Response Time Increases Survival in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Observational
- Disparities between Rural and Urban Areas of the Central Region of Saudi Arabia in the Utilization and Time-Centeredness of Emergency Medical Services.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- After the lights and sirens: Patient access delay in cardiac arrest.Resuscitation · 2020Article
- Mobile Ambulatory Application Asafny and Traditional Phone Request 997: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.Open access emergency medicine : OAEM · 2020Article
- Effect of the Floor Level on the Probability of a Neurologically Favorable Discharge after Cardiac Arrest according to the Event Location.Emergency medicine international · 2019Article
- Prehospital response to respiratory distress by the public ambulance system in a Ukrainian city.World journal of emergency medicine · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the association between ambulance response time and survival from out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and to estimate the effect of reducing response times.
designCohort study.
settingScottish Ambulance Service. SUBJECTS: All out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrests due to cardiac disease attended by the Scottish Ambulance Service during May 1991 to March 1998.
main outcome measuresSurvival rate to hospital discharge and potential improvement from reducing response times.
resultsOf 13 822 arrests not witnessed by ambulance crews but attended by them within 15 minutes, complete data were available for 10 554 (76%). Of these patients, 653 (6%) survived to hospital discharge. After other significant covariates were adjusted for, shorter response time was significantly associated with increased probability of receiving defibrillation and survival to discharge among those defibrillated. Reducing the 90th centile for response time to 8 minutes increased the predicted survival to 8%, and reducing it to 5 minutes increased survival to 10-11% (depending on the model used).
conclusionsReducing ambulance response times to 5 minutes could almost double the survival rate for cardiac arrests not witnessed by ambulance crews.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.