ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Kinetics and mechanism of DNA uptake into the cell nucleus.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anticodon-edited transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) encoded as therapeutic nonviral minimal DNA vectors.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
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- Anticodon Edited Transfer RNAs (ACE-tRNAs) Encoded as Therapeutic Nonviral Minimal DNA Vectors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Determining the Cytosolic Stability of Small DNA NanostructuresNano letters · 2022Article
- Cytoplasmic transport and nuclear import of plasmid DNA.Bioscience reports · 2017Review
- Biochemical perturbations of the mitotic spindle in Xenopus extracts using a diffusion-based microfluidic assay.Biomicrofluidics · 2015Article
- Mobile DNA in the pathogenicMicrobiology spectrum · 2015Article
- ComEA is essential for the transfer of external DNA into the periplasm in naturally transformable Vibrio cholerae cells.PLoS genetics · 2014Article
- Controlling molecular transport through nanopores.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2011Review
- Progress in the use of RNA interference as a therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection.Genome medicine · 2010Article
- Transportin mediates nuclear entry of DNA in vertebrate systems.Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) · 2009Article
- Nucleocytoplasmic transport: a thermodynamic mechanism.HFSP journal · 2009Article
- Uncoating the herpes simplex virus genome.Journal of molecular biology · 2007Article
- HIV-1 integrase is capable of targeting DNA to the nucleus via an importin alpha/beta-dependent mechanism.The Biochemical journal · 2006Article
- Nuclear entry of nonviral vectors.Gene therapy · 2005Review
- Polymers for DNA delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2005Review
- Tracking of microinjected DNA in live cells reveals the intracellular behavior and elimination of extrachromosomal genetic material.Nucleic acids research · 2005Article
- DNA transport into Bacillus subtilis requires proton motive force to generate large molecular forces.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2004Article
- Metastable network model of protein transport through nuclear pores.Biophysical journal · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gene transfer to eukaryotic cells requires the uptake of exogenous DNA into the cell nucleus. Except during mitosis, molecular access to the nuclear interior is limited to passage through the nuclear pores. Here we demonstrate the nuclear uptake of extended linear DNA molecules by a combination of fluorescence microscopy and single-molecule manipulation techniques, using the latter to follow uptake kinetics of individual molecules in real time. The assays were carried out on nuclei reconstituted in vitro from extracts of Xenopus eggs, which provide both a complete complement of biochemical factors involved in nuclear protein import, and unobstructed access to the nuclear pores. We find that uptake of DNA is independent of ATP or GTP hydrolysis, but is blocked by wheat germ agglutinin. The kinetics are much slower than would be expected from hydrodynamic considerations. A fit of the data to a simple model suggests femto-Newton forces and a large friction relevant to the uptake process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.