ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2001
Self-antigen-presenting cells expressing diabetes-associated autoantigens exist in both thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2012Trial
- Intrasplenic Thymus Organogenesis from Injectable Tissue Fragments Restores Functional T-Cell Immunity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Extrathymic AIRE-Expressing Cells: A Historical Perspective.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- The dark side of insulin: A primary autoantigen and instrument of self-destruction in type 1 diabetes.Molecular metabolism · 2021Review
- Tissue-Engineered Stromal Reticula to Study Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Type I Diabetes.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2020Article
- Targeting DEC-205Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Article
- Islet-reactive CD8Science immunology · 2018Article
- Autoreactive T cells in type 1 diabetes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017Review
- Peripheral Autoimmune Regulator Induces Exhaustion of CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Galantamine Attenuates Type 1 Diabetes and Inhibits Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Nonobese Diabetic Mice.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2015Article
- New insight on human type 1 diabetes biology: nPOD and nPOD-transplantation.Current diabetes reports · 2014Review
- The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD) Program: goals, operational model and emerging findings.Pediatric diabetes · 2014Review
- Self-antigen expression in the peripheral immune system: roles in self-tolerance and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.Current diabetes reports · 2014Review
- Review
- The IL-2/IL-2R system: from basic science to therapeutic applications to enhance immune regulation.Immunologic research · 2013Review
- Insulinoma-released exosomes activate autoreactive marginal zone-like B cells that expand endogenously in prediabetic NOD mice.European journal of immunology · 2013Article
- Sequence variation in promoter of Ica1 gene, which encodes protein implicated in type 1 diabetes, causes transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) to increase its binding and down-regulate expression.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2012Article
- Autoimmune stiff person syndrome and related myelopathies: understanding of electrophysiological and immunological processes.Muscle & nerve · 2012Review
- CD24 on thymic APCs regulates negative selection of myelin antigen-specific T lymphocytes.European journal of immunology · 2012Article
- Etiopathogenesis of insulin autoimmunity.Anatomy research international · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedRedondo, M [corrected to Redondo, MJ]
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that genes with tissue-restricted expression, including those encoding the type 1 diabetes autoantigens insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and the tyrosine-phosphatase-like protein IA-2 (or ICA512), are transcribed in the thymus. The reported modulation of diabetes susceptibility by genetically determined differences in thymic insulin levels and studies in transgenic mice provide correlative and functional evidence that thymic expression of peripheral proteins is crucial for immunological self-tolerance. However, there are no specific data about the existence, tissue distribution, phenotype, and function of those cells that express insulin and other self-antigens in the human thymus. We find that the human thymus harbors specialized cells synthesizing (pro)insulin, GAD, and IA-2, mainly localized in the medulla, and we demonstrate such cells also in peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes). Phenotypic analysis qualifies these cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including both dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells often appear surrounded by apoptotic lymphocytes, both in thymus and spleen, and may therefore be involved in the deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes. Our findings demonstrate the existence of, and define the tissue distribution and phenotype of, a novel subset of APCs expressing self-antigens in human lymphoid organs that appear to be involved in the regulation of self-tolerance throughout life.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.