ArticleAmerican journal of public health2001
State-level income inequality and individual mortality risk: a prospective, multilevel study.
Article in American journal of public health, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Pooled it
- Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review.The Milbank quarterly · 2004Pooled it
- Area socioeconomic inequality and suicide mortality: contrasting common measures using National Violent Death Reporting System and linked administrative data.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Childhood SES gradients in adult functional limitations: Does state-level macro-economic context matter?Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Economic inequality, intergenerational mobility, and life expectancy.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Material and social deprivation associated with public health actual causes of death among older people in Europe: longitudinal and multilevel results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Rising childhood income inequality and declining Americans' health.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- The intersection of welfare stigma, state contexts and health among mothers receiving public assistance benefits.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Assessing the causal relationship between income inequality and mortality and self-rated health: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2022Article
- Estimating life expectancy adjusted by self-rated health status in the United States: national health interview survey linked to the mortality.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Comprehensive metrological and content analysis of the income inequality research in health field: A bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Age-at-First-Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorders: A Swedish Register-Based Cohort Study.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2022Article
- How Income Inequality and Race/Ethnicity Drive Obesity in U.S. Adults: 1999-2016.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Family disability, poverty and parenting stress: Analysis of a cross-sectional study in Kenya.African journal of disability · 2021Article
- Anti-poverty policy and health: Attributes and diffusion of state earned income tax credits across U.S. states from 1980 to 2020.PloS one · 2020Article
- Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US.SSM - population health · 2019Article
- A "Swiss paradox" in the United States? Level of spatial aggregation changes the association between income inequality and morbidity for older Americans.International journal of health geographics · 2019Article
- Neighborhood Deprivation and Risks of Autoimmune Disorders: A National Cohort Study in Sweden.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Local Area Variation in Morbidity Among Low-Income, Older Adults in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2019Article
- Inequality within a community at the neighborhood level and the incidence of mood disorders in Japan: a multilevel analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2019Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesPrevious studies have linked state-level income inequality to mortality rates. However, it has been questioned whether the relationship is independent of individual-level income. The present study tests whether state-level income inequality is related to individual mortality risk, after adjustment for individual-level characteristics.
methodsIn this prospective, multilevel study design, the vital status of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) respondents was ascertained by linkage to the National Death Index, with additional linkage of state-level data to individuals in the NHIS. The analysis included data for 546,888 persons, with 19,379 deaths over the 8-year follow-up period. The Gini coefficient was used as the measure of income inequality.
resultsIndividuals living in high-income-inequality states were at increased risk of mortality (relative risk = 1.12; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.19) compared with individuals living in low-income-inequality states. In stratified analyses, significant effects of state income inequality on mortality risk were found, primarily for near-poor Whites.
conclusionsState-level income inequality appears to exert a contextual effect on mortality risk, after income is adjusted for, providing further evidence that the distribution of income is important for health.
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