ArticleInfection and immunity2001
Intranasal immunization with SAG1 and nontoxic mutant heat-labile enterotoxins protects mice against Toxoplasma gondii.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of variation in Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in the murine model.Experimental parasitology · 2019Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a RecombinantVaccines · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Overview ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Review of Newly Identified Functions Associated With the Heat-Labile Toxin of EnterotoxigenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Targeted Delivery ofFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Enhancement of the protective efficacy of a ROP18 vaccine against chronic toxoplasmosis by nasal route.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2017Article
- RecombinantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Recent advances in Toxoplasma gondii immunotherapeutics.The Korean journal of parasitology · 2014Review
- Possible link between Toxoplasma gondii and the anosmia associated with neurodegenerative diseases.American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias · 2014Review
- Antigen replacement of domains D2 and D3 in flagellin promotes mucosal IgA production and attenuates flagellin-induced inflammatory response after intranasal immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Article
- Article
- Comparing the effect of IL-12 genetic adjuvant and alum non-genetic adjuvant on the efficiency of the cocktail DNA vaccine containing plasmids encoding SAG-1 and ROP-2 of Toxoplasma gondii.Parasitology research · 2012Article
- Article
- Effect of rSAG-1(P30) immunisation on the circulating and tissue parasites in guinea pigs as determined by quantitative PCR.Parasitology research · 2006Article
- Sarcocystis neurona merozoites express a family of immunogenic surface antigens that are orthologues of the Toxoplasma gondii surface antigens (SAGs) and SAG-related sequences.Infection and immunity · 2005Article
- Sarcocystis neurona major surface antigen gene 1 (SAG1) shows evidence of having evolved under positive selection pressure.Parasitology research · 2004Article
- Article
- Vaccination with Toxoplasma gondii SAG-1 protein is protective against congenital toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice but not in CBA/J mice.Infection and immunity · 2003Article
- The LTR72 mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli enhances the ability of peptide antigens to elicit CD4(+) T cells and secrete gamma interferon after coapplication onto bare skin.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Oral vaccination with subunit vaccines protects animals against aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Effective protection against intestinal pathogens requires both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Intranasal administration of antigens induces these responses but generally fails to trigger a strong protective immunity. Mucosal adjuvants can significantly enhance the immunogenicities of intranasally administered antigens. Cholera toxin (CT) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) are strong mucosal adjuvants with a variety of antigens. Moreover, the toxicities of CT and LT do not permit their use in humans. Two nontoxic mutant LTs, LTR72 and LTK63, were tested with Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 protein in intranasal vaccination of CBA/J mice. Vaccination with SAG1 plus LTR72 or LTK63 induced strong systemic (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) and mucosal (IgA) humoral responses. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells from mice immunized with LTR72 plus SAG1, but not those from mice immunized with LTK63 plus SAG1, responded to restimulation with a T. gondii lysate antigen in vitro. Gamma interferon and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by splenocytes and IL-2 production by mesenteric lymph node cells were observed in vitro after antigen restimulation, underlying a Th1-like response. High-level protection as assessed by the decreased load of cerebral cysts after a challenge with the 76K strain of T. gondii was obtained in the group immunized with LTR72 plus SAG1 and LTK63 plus SAG1. They were as well protected as the mice immunized with the antigen plus native toxins. This is the first report showing protection against a parasite by using combinations of nontoxic mutant LTs and SAG1 antigen. These nontoxic mutant LTs are now attractive candidates for the development of mucosally delivered vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.