ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Identification of two novel transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins expressed broadly in fetal and adult tissues.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and inter-organ fibrosis crosstalk of Gla proteins in cardiovascular disease.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Warfarin-Induced Developmental Toxicity: Insights into Embryogenesis, Teratogenicity, and Molecular Pathways.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Review
- Identification of PRRG1 as a possible molecular target of pancreatic cancer.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Vitamin K as an Endocrine Modulator: Mechanistic Links to Glucose Metabolism and Beyond.Nutrients · 2026Review
- PRRG4 Brain-Specific Conditional Knockout Mice Display Autism Spectrum Disorder-Like Behaviors.Biological procedures online · 2025Article
- Article
- Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein 1 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through stabilizing oncoprotein KRAS and tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- Low expression of PRRG2 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: an immune infiltration-associated prognostic biomarker.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- PRRG4 regulates mitochondrial function and promotes migratory behaviors of breast cancer cells through the Src-STAT3-POLG axis.Cancer cell international · 2023Article
- New insights into vitamin K biology with relevance to cancer.Trends in molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Vitamin K-Dependent Protein Activation: Normal Gamma-Glutamyl Carboxylation and Disruption in Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity.Nutrition reviews · 2022Review
- Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Identification of new candidate genes for spina bifida through exome sequencing.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Article
- Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2021Review
- Adaptors as the regulators of HECT ubiquitin ligases.Cell death and differentiation · 2021Review
- Article
- PRRG4 promotes breast cancer metastasis through the recruitment of NEDD4 and downregulation of Robo1.Oncogene · 2020Article
- Multiple Modes of Vitamin K Actions in Aging-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- The WAGR syndrome gene PRRG4 is a functional homologue of the commissureless axon guidance gene.PLoS genetics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The proline-rich gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2 are the founding members of a family of vitamin K-dependent single-pass integral membrane proteins characterized by an extracellular amino terminal domain of approximately 45 amino acids that is rich in Gla. The intracellular carboxyl terminal region of these two proteins contains one or two copies of the sequence PPXY, a motif present in a variety of proteins involved in such diverse cellular functions as signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and protein turnover. In this report, we describe the cloning of the cDNAs for two additional human transmembrane Gla proteins (TMG) of 20-24 kDa named TMG3 and TMG4. These two proteins possess extracellular Gla domains with 13 or 9 potential Gla residues, respectively, followed by membrane-spanning hydrophobic regions and cytoplasmic carboxyl terminal regions that contain PPXY motifs. This emerging family of integral membrane Gla proteins includes proline-rich Gla protein (PRGP) 1, PRGP2, TMG3, and TMG4, all of which are characterized by broad and variable distribution in both fetal and adult tissues. Members of this family can be grouped into two subclasses on the basis of their gene organization and amino acid sequence. These observations suggest novel physiological functions for vitamin K beyond its known role in the biosynthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone development. The identification and characterization of these proteins may allow a more complete understanding of the teratogenic consequences of exposure in utero to vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin-based anticoagulants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.