ReviewEnvironmental health perspectives2001
Infant exposure to chemicals in breast milk in the United States: what we need to learn from a breast milk monitoring program.
Review in Environmental health perspectives, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Lead levels in human milk and children's health risk: a systematic review.Reviews on environmental healthPooled it
- Perfluoroalkyl compound levels in breast milk of mothers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pollutants in Breast Milk: A Scoping Review of the Most Recent Data in 2024.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recovery of 400 Chemicals with Three Extraction Methods for Low Volumes of Human Plasma Quantified by Instrumental Analysis and In Vitro Bioassays.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Invited Perspective: PFAS in Breast Milk and Infant Formula-It's Time to Start Monitoring.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don't We Know More?Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2018Article
- Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications.Environmental health perspectives · 2018Review
- Infant Dietary Exposures to Environmental Chemicals and Infant/Child Health: A Critical Assessment of the Literature.Environmental health perspectives · 2018Review
- Association between Organochlorine Pesticide Levels in Breast Milk and Their Effects on Female Reproduction in a Taiwanese Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Chemical Contaminants in Raw and Pasteurized Human Milk.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2018Article
- Partitioning of hexachlorobenzene between human milk and blood lipid.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2017Article
- WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding.Archives of toxicology · 2017Review
- Lactation history, serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants, and maternal risk of diabetes.Environmental research · 2016Article
- Environmental health and justice and the right to research: institutional review board denials of community-based chemical biomonitoring of breast milk.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2015Article
- Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals in primiparous women: a comparison from Canada and Mexico.The Science of the total environment · 2014Article
- Breastfeeding: a potential excretion route for mothers and implications for infant exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids.Environmental health perspectives · 2014Article
- A general model of dioxin contamination in breast milk: results from a study on 94 women from the Caserta and Naples areas in Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Article
- Comparison of digestion procedures and methods for quantification of trace lead in breast milk by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The presence of environmental chemicals in breast milk has gained increased attention from regulatory agencies and groups advocating women's and children's health. As the published literature on chemicals in breast milk has grown, there remains a paucity of data on parameters related to infant exposure via breast-feeding, particularly those with a time-dependent nature. This information is necessary for performing exposure assessments without heavy reliance on default assumptions. Although most experts agree that, except in unusual situations, breast-feeding is the preferred nutrition, a better understanding of an infant's level of exposure to environmental chemicals is essential, particularly in the United States where information is sparse. In this paper, we review extant data on two parameters needed to conduct realistic exposure assessments for breast-fed infants: a) levels of chemicals in human milk in the United States (and trends for dioxins/furans); and b) elimination kinetics (depuration) of chemicals from the mother during breast-feeding. The limitations of the existing data restrict our ability to predict infant body burdens of these chemicals from breast-feeding. Although the data indicate a decrease in breast milk dioxin toxic equivalents over time for several countries, the results for the United States are ambiguous. Whereas available information supports the inclusion of depuration when estimating exposures from breast-feeding, the data do not support selection of a specific rate of depuration. A program of breast milk monitoring would serve to provide the information needed to assess infant exposures during breast-feeding and develop scientifically sound information on benefits and risks of breast-feeding in the United States.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.