ArticleJournal of virology2001
Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization and viral infectivity.
Article in Journal of virology, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2016Pooled it
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- Real-Time Imaging of HIV-1 Protease Activation and Substrate Cleavage in Single Virions Assembling on the Plasma Membrane.Viruses · 2026Article
- Calcium and phosphorylation coordination is a novel mechanism that stabilises protein-complexes during HIV assembly.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- tRNA modifications in viral replication.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Integrated phenotypic screening and chemical proteomics identifies ETF1 ligands that modulate viral translation and replication.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Under the Radar: Immune Evasion, Pathogenesis and Control of HIV Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- High-throughput screening and characterization of novel inhibitors targeting HIV-1 protease precursor autoprocessing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Conformational Analysis and Structure-Altering Mutations of the HIV-1 Frameshifting Element.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- TAR RNA Mimicry of INI1 and Its Influence on Non-Integration Function of HIV-1 Integrase.Viruses · 2025Review
- The translational landscape of HIV-1 infected cells reveals key gene regulatory principles.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
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- The Assembly of HTLV-1-How Does It Differ from HIV-1?Viruses · 2024Review
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- HIV-1 reverse transcriptase stability correlates with Gag cleavage efficiency: reverse transcriptase interaction implications for modulating protease activation.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Review
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Production of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Pol precursor protein results from a -1 ribosomal frameshifting event. In infected cells, this generates Gag and Gag-Pol in a ratio that is estimated to be 20:1, a ratio that is conserved among retroviruses. To examine the impact of this ratio on HIV-1 replication and viral assembly, we altered the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio in virus-producing cells by cotransfecting HIV-1 proviral DNA with an HIV-1 Gag-Pol expression vector. Two versions of the Gag-Pol expression vector were used; one contains an active protease [PR(+)], and the other contains an inactive protease [PR(-)]. In an attempt to produce viral particles with Gag/Gag-Pol ratios ranging from 20:21 to 20:1 (wild type), 293T cells were cotransfected with various ratios of wild-type proviral DNA and proviral DNA from either Gag-Pol expression vector. Viral particles derived from cells with altered Gag/Gag-Pol ratios via overexpression of PR(-) Gag-Pol showed a ratio-dependent defect in their virion protein profiles. However, the defects in virion infectivity were independent of the nature of the Gag-Pol expression vector, i.e., PR(+) or PR(-). Based on equivalent input of reverse transcriptase activity, we estimated that HIV-1 infectivity was reduced 250- to 1,000-fold when the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio in the virion-producing cells was altered from 20:1 to 20:21. Although virion RNA packaging was not affected by altering Gag/Gag-Pol ratios, changing the ratio from 20:1 to 20:21 progressively reduced virion RNA dimer stability. The impact of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio on virion RNA dimerization was amplified when the Gag-Pol PR(-) expression vector was expressed in virion-producing cells. Virions produced from cells expressing Gag and Gag-Pol PR(-) in a 20:21 ratio contained mainly monomeric RNA. Our observations provide the first direct evidence that, in addition to proteolytic processing, the ratio of Gag/Gag-Pol proteins is also important for RNA dimerization and that stable RNA dimers are not required for encapsidation of genomic RNA in HIV-1.
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