ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Polymer-based gene delivery with low cytotoxicity by a unique balance of side-chain termini.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 488 citations in OpenAlex.
- Galactose-Functional RAFT Agent for Biorelevant Polymeric Materials.ACS polymers Au · 2026Article
- Degradable Nanocarriers Capable of Gene Delivery Derived from pH-Responsive Polyester: RROP Copolymerization Between Cyclic Ketene Acetals.Macromolecular rapid communications · 2026Article
- Designing Polyelectrolyte Microneedles Based on Borylated Poly(β-aminoester) Polymers To Enhance Transdermal pH-Controlled Delivery of Nucleic Acids.ACS applied polymer materials · 2024Article
- Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid Transmembrane Molecular Carriers Based on Positively Charged Helical Foldamers.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Chitosan-Functionalized Poly(β-Amino Ester) Hybrid System for Gene Delivery in Vaginal Mucosal Epithelial Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Self-Assembled Oleic Acid-Modified Polyallylamines for Improved siRNA Transfection Efficiency and Lower Cytotoxicity.ACS applied bio materials · 2023Article
- Advances in Polymeric Colloids for Cancer Treatment.Polymers · 2022Review
- Programmable manipulation of oligonucleotide-albumin interaction for elongated circulation time.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading.ACS nano · 2022Article
- Coiled coil exposure and histidine tags drive function of an intracellular protein drug carrier.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2021Article
- Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare Systems: Grand Challenges and Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Sialic acid-engineered mesoporous polydopamine dual loaded with ferritin gene and SPIO for achieving endogenous and exogenous synergistic T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of HCC.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2021Article
- "Double-punch" strategy for delivery of viral immunotherapy with prolonged tumor retention and enhanced transfection efficacy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2021Article
- Micelles Based on Lysine, Histidine, or Arginine: Designing Structures for Enhanced Drug Delivery.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Efficient and Low Cytotoxicity Gene Carriers Based on Amine-Functionalized Polyvinylpyrrolidone.Polymers · 2020Article
- A facile and scalable in production non-viral gene engineered mesenchymal stem cells for effective suppression of temozolomide-resistant (TMZR) glioblastoma growth.Stem cell research & therapy · 2020Article
- The Multifaceted Histidine-Based Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Advances and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- A proof of concept gene-activated titanium surface for oral implantology applications.Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2020Article
- Nano-graphene oxide with antisenseJournal of dental sciences · 2020Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Protein expression after delivery of plasmid DNA to the cell nucleus depends on the processes of transcription and translation. Cytotoxic gene-delivery systems may compromise these processes and limit protein expression. This situation is perhaps most prevalent in current nonviral polycationic gene-delivery systems in which the polycationic nature of the delivery system can lead to cytotoxicity. To approach the problem of creating nontoxic but effective gene-delivery systems, we hypothesized that by optimizing the balance between polymer cationic density with endosomal escape moieties, effective gene transfer with low cytotoxicity could be created. As a model system, we synthesized a series of polymers whose side-chain termini varied with respect to the balance of cationic centers and endosomal escape moieties. Specifically, by polymer-analogous amidation we conjugated imidazole groups to the epsilon-amines of polylysine in varying mole ratios (73.5 mol % imidazole, 82.5 mol % imidazole, and 86.5 mol % imidazole). The primary epsilon-amine terminus of polylysine served as a model for the cationic centers, whereas the imidazole groups served as a model for the endosomal escape moieties. These polymers condensed plasmid DNA into nanostructures <150 nm and possessed little cytotoxicity in vitro. Transfection efficiency, as measured by luciferase protein expression, increased with increasing imidazole content of the polymers in a nonlinear relationship. The polymer with the highest imidazole content (86.5 mol %) mediated the highest protein expression, with levels equal to those mediated by polyethylenimine, but with little to no cytotoxicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.