ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Maturation of human dendritic cells by cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin: involvement of toll-like receptors.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 407 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor-794 CATT microsatellite polymorphism and risk of tuberculosis: a meta-analysis.Bioscience reports · 2018Pooled it
- Immunotherapy of ovarian cancer with cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: effect of lymphadenectomy.Cancer science · 2009Trial
- Pediatric Tuberculosis: Unraveling Immunity, Clinical Complexities, and Resource-Driven Disparities in the Pursuit of Prevention.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Decoding the temporal dimension of innate immunity in intravesical BCG therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of TLRs (microbe recognition receptor) in gastric cancer: An update.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- BCG therapy in bladder cancer and its tumor microenvironment interactions.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Strong Immune Privileges of MSC and Other Nes-GFPImmune network · 2025Article
- A Bionic "Trojan Horse"-like Nanovesicle Delivery System Hybridized with BCG Cytoplasmic Membrane and Melanoma Cell Membrane for Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Bladder Cancer Medication Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Cell Wall Skeleton Focusing on Alternatives and Developments to Limitations.Journal of cancer prevention · 2025Review
- Review
- BCG cell wall skeleton augments the immunogenicity of dengue nanoparticle vaccines by promoting dendritic cell activation.PloS one · 2025Article
- Live Attenuated Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Targeting the Disruption of Genes Encoding the Secretory Proteins of Mycobacteria.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Exploiting bacterial-origin immunostimulants for improved vaccination and immunotherapy: current insights and future directions.Cell & bioscience · 2024Review
- Maintenance of homeostasis by TLR4 ligands.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Innovative Therapeutic Approaches Based on Nanotechnology for the Treatment and Management of Tuberculosis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2023Review
- BCG hydrogel promotes CTSS-mediated antigen processing and presentation, thereby suppressing metastasis and prolonging survival in melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Article
- Del-1 enhances therapeutic efficacy of bacterial cancer immunotherapy by blocking recruitment of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2022Article
- HarnessingVaccines · 2022Review
- Comparison of the effects of different potent adjuvants on enhancing the immunogenicity and cross-protection by influenza virus vaccination in young and aged mice.Antiviral research · 2022Article
- Harnessing the immune system against cancer: current immunotherapy approaches and therapeutic targets.Molecular biology reports · 2021Review
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The constituents of mycobacteria are an effective immune adjuvant, as observed with complete Freund's adjuvant. In this study, we demonstrated that the cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG-CWS), a purified noninfectious material consisting of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycolic acids, induces maturation of human dendritic cells (DC). Surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 was increased by BCG-CWS on human immature DC, and the effect was similar to those of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), heat-killed BCG, and viable BCG. BCG-CWS induced the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 p40. CD83 expression was increased by a soluble factor secreted from BCG-CWS-treated DC and was completely inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against TNF-alpha. BCG-CWS-treated DC stimulated extensive allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. The level of TNF-alpha secreted through BCG-CWS was partially suppressed in murine macrophages with no Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR 2) or TLR4 and was completely lost in TLR2 and TLR4 double-deficient macrophages. These results suggest that the BCG-CWS induces TNF-alpha secretion from DC via TLR2 and TLR4 and that the secreted TNF-alpha induces the maturation of DC per se.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.