ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2000
Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 220 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Intrathecally synthesized IgG in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid recognizes identical epitopes over time.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2011Trial
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- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Dynamics of memory B cells and plasmablasts in healthy individuals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Orf virus-based vectors induce potent germinal center B cell, Tfh cell, and CD8Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- MyD88 signalling in B cells and antibody responses during Oropouche virus-induced neurological disease in mice.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- A Versatile High-Throughput Single-Cell Screening Platform for Profiling Antigen-Specific Long-Lived B Cells in Blood and Bone Marrow.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- β-Glucan induced plasma B cells differentiation to enhance antitumor immune responses by Dectin-1.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Causal association between B cell count and psoriasis using two-sample Mendelian randomization.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- On the Evolutionary Trajectory of SARS-CoV-2: Host Immunity as a Driver of Adaptation in RNA Viruses.Viruses · 2022Review
- Comparison of the rapidity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses between primary and booster vaccination for COVID-19.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2022Article
- Selective depletion of naïve T cells by targeting CD45RA.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Abnormalities of bone marrow B cells and plasma cells in primary immune thrombocytopenia.Blood advances · 2021Article
- The dynamics and association of B and T cell receptor repertoires upon antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination in healthy adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Immunological memory in rheumatic inflammation - a roadblock to tolerance induction.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2021Review
- Performance of Four IgM Antibody Assays in the Diagnosis of Measles Virus Primary Infection and Cases with a Serological Profile Indicating Reinfection.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Memory is a hallmark of immunity. Memory carried by antibodies is largely responsible for protection against reinfection with most known acutely lethal infectious agents and is the basis for most clinically successful vaccines. However, the nature of long-term B cell and antibody memory is still unclear. B cell memory was studied here after infection of mice with the rabies-like cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus, the noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Armstrong and WE), and after immunization with various inert viral antigens inducing naive B cells to differentiate either to plasma cells or memory B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. The results show that in contrast to very low background levels against internal viral antigens, no significant neutralizing antibody memory was observed in the absence of antigen and suggest that memory B cells (i) are long-lived in the absence of antigen, nondividing, and relatively resistant to irradiation, and (ii) must be stimulated by antigen to differentiate to short-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells, a process that is also efficient in the bone marrow and always depends on radiosensitive, specific T help. Therefore, for vaccines to induce long-term protective antibody titers, they need to repeatedly provide, or continuously maintain, antigen in minimal quantities over a prolonged time period in secondary lymphoid organs or the bone marrow for sufficient numbers of long-lived memory B cells to mature to short-lived plasma cells.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.