ArticleJournal of virology2000
Unprecedented degree of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M genetic diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo suggests that the HIV-1 pandemic originated in Central Africa.
Article in Journal of virology, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Geographic Distribution and Temporal Trends of HIV-1 Subtypes through Heterosexual Transmission in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Current and historic HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in paediatric and adult population from Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Article
- The Origins and Genetic Diversity of HIV-1: Evolutionary Insights and Global Health Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Increasing intra- and inter-subtype HIV diversity despite declining HIV incidence in Uganda.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Intra- and inter-subtype HIV diversity between 1994 and 2018 in southern Uganda: a longitudinal population-based study.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- New infections and HIV-1 subtypes among febrile persons and blood donors in Oyo State, Nigeria.Journal of medical virology · 2021Article
- A high prevalence of potential HIV elite controllers identified over 30 years in Democratic Republic of Congo.EBioMedicine · 2021Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in African Countries: A Comprehensive Overview.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- A near full-length HIV-1 genome from 1966 recovered from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Brief Report: Complete Genome Sequence of CG-0018a-01 Establishes HIV-1 Subtype L.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Non-synonymous Substitutions in HIV-1 GAG Are Frequent in Epitopes Outside the Functionally Conserved Regions and Associated With Subtype Differences.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Article
- Distinct rates and patterns of spread of the major HIV-1 subtypes in Central and East Africa.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios.Molecular biology and evolution · 2019Article
- Utility Of POC Xpert HIV-1 Tests For Detection-Quantification Of Complex HIV Recombinants Using Dried Blood Spots From Kinshasa, D. R. Congo.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Transmission patterns of HIV-1 non-R5 strains in Poland.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Earlier Initiation of Antiretroviral Treatment Coincides With an Initial Control of the HIV-1 Sub-Subtype F1 Outbreak Among Men-Having-Sex-With-Men in Flanders, Belgium.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document the genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; formerly Zaire). A total of 247 HIV-1-positive samples, collected during an epidemiologic survey conducted in 1997 in three regions (Kinshasa [the capital], Bwamanda [in the north], and Mbuyi-Maya [in the south]), were genetically characterized in the env V3-V5 region. All known subtypes were found to cocirculate, and for 6% of the samples the subtype could not be identified. Subtype A is predominant, with prevalences decreasing from north to south (69% in the north, 53% in the capital city, and 46% in the south). Subtype C, D, G, and H prevalences range from 7 to 9%, whereas subtype F, J, K, and CRF01-AE strains represent 2 to 4% of the samples; only one subtype B strain was identified. The highest prevalence (25%) of subtype C was in the south, and CRF01-AE was seen mainly in the north. The high intersubtype variability among the V3-V5 sequences is the most probable reason for the low (45%) efficiency of subtype A-specific PCR and HMA (heteroduplex mobility assay). Eighteen (29%) of 62 samples had discordant subtype designations between env and gag. Sequence analysis of the entire envelope from 13 samples confirmed the high degree of diversity and complexity of HIV-1 strains in the DRC; 9 had a complex recombinant structure in gp160, involving fragments of known and unknown subtypes. Interestingly, the unknown fragments from the different strains did not cluster together. Overall, the high number of HIV-1 subtypes cocirculating, the high intrasubtype diversity, and the high numbers of possible recombinant viruses as well as different unclassified strains are all in agreement with an old and mature epidemic in the DRC, suggesting that this region is the epicenter of HIV-1 group M.
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