ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2000
Family history, maternal smoking, and clubfoot: an indication of a gene-environment interaction.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The etiology of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus: a systematic review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2018Pooled it
- Preconception care: caffeine, smoking, alcohol, drugs and other environmental chemical/radiation exposure.Reproductive health · 2014Pooled it
- Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls.Human reproduction updatePooled it
- Determinants for Congenital Clubfoot in Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study at Black Lion Specialized Hospital.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Hope Walks: The Impact of Clubfoot Treatment on Human Flourishing in Ethiopia.Health economics · 2026Article
- Tracing neurodevelopment and growth pattern in six-year-old children with idiopathic clubfoot: a national cohort study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Risk Factors of Idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot in the South of Vietnam: A Hospital-Based Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- A Novel Orthoplastic Reconstruction of Relapsed Clubfoot With Total Ankle Arthroplasty.Cureus · 2023Article
- Article
- The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Genetic Role in Recurrence of Idiopathic CTEV: A Systematic Review.Orthopedic research and reviews · 2023Review
- Staged Correction of Severe Recurrent Clubfoot Deformity With Dislocation of the Chopart Joint Using a Hexapod External Fixator and Unconventional Arthrodesis.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2022Article
- Risk factors associated with congenital anomalies among newborns in southwestern Ethiopia: A case-control study.PloS one · 2021Article
- Motor and cognitive functioning in children treated for idiopathic clubfoot at the age of 3 years.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Birth Anomalies in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: Results From the California Twin Registry.Journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Factors associated with congenital anomalies in Addis Ababa and the Amhara Region, Ethiopia: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2018Article
- The recurrence risk of genetic complex diseases.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2017Review
- Association between maternal age at conception and risk of idiopathic clubfoot.Acta orthopaedica · 2016Article
- Comparison of web versus interview participants in a case-control study.Annals of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Detecting gene-environment interactions in human birth defects: Study designs and statistical methods.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although epidemiologic studies of some birth defects have suggested a gene-smoking interaction, the possibility of this interaction in clubfoot has not been examined. The authors analyzed risk factors among 346 infants with isolated clubfoot and 3,029 infants without defects from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study. All infants were born during 1968-1980, and mothers were interviewed in 1982-1983. The authors examined the family history-smoking interaction as an indication of a gene-environment interaction. They defined "smoking" as smoking any time during the first 3 months of pregnancy and "family history" as having a first-degree relative with clubfoot. Conditional logistic regression (matching variables: race, birth hospital, and birth period) was used to obtain effect estimates. The adjusted odds ratios were 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.72) for smoking only, 6.52 (95% CI: 2.95, 14.41) for family history only, and 20.30 (95% CI: 7.90, 52.17) for a joint exposure of smoking and family history. The effect estimate for the joint exposure was higher than would be expected under either an additive or a multiplicative model of interaction and showed a statistically significant departure from additivity. This study confirms the importance of familial factors and smoking in the etiology of clubfoot and identifies a potentially important interaction.
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