ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Diversity of PspA: mosaic genes and evidence for past recombination in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 339 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Epidemiological Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- High-throughput antigen discovery using Functional Genomic Vaccinology (FGV) identifies protective Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine candidates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Biofilm formation during pneumococcal carriage imprints naturally acquired humoral immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Pneumococcal membrane particles promote serotype-independent cellular and humoral immunity and protect against pneumococcal colonization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The Case for Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA): A Comprehensive Review of a Leading Candidate in Pneumococcal Vaccine Research.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Capsule and PspA Cooperatively Confer Resistance ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A protein-based pneumococcal vaccine elicits broad immunity associated with multifunctional antibody responses in humans.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Article
- Development and Validation of a Functional Antibody Assay for Evaluating Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccines.Vaccines · 2026Article
- In silico design and characterization of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Within-host genetic diversity of pneumococcal serotype 3 during one-year prolonged carriage in a healthy adult.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Safety and efficacy of an intramuscular bivalent vaccine against influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Novel processes to obtain pneumococcal surface proteins for vaccines.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Streptococcus pneumoniae epidemiology, pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Intranasal influenza-vectored vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A protects against Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) prevents killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae by indolicidin.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Novel method for production and purification of untagged pneumococcal surface protein A from clade 1.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- A bacterial vesicle-based pneumococcal vaccine against influenza-mediated secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a serologically variable protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Twenty-four diverse alleles of the pspA gene were sequenced to investigate the genetic basis for serologic diversity and to evaluate the potential of diversity to have an impact on PspA's use in human vaccination. The 24 pspA gene sequences from unrelated strains revealed two major allelic types, termed "families," subdivided into clades. A highly mosaic gene structure was observed in which individual mosaic sequence blocks in PspAs diverged from each other by over 20% in many cases. This level of divergence exceeds that observed for blocks in the penicillin-binding proteins of S. pneumoniae or in many cross-species comparisons of gene loci. Conversely, because the mosaic pattern is so complex, each pair of pspA genes also has numerous shared blocks, but the position of conserved blocks differs from gene pair to gene pair. A central region of pspA, important for eliciting protective antibodies, was found in six clades, which each diverge from the other clades by >20%. Sequence relationships among the 24 alleles analyzed over three windows were discordant, indicating that intragenic recombination has occurred within this locus. The extensive recombination which generated the mosaic pattern seen in the pspA locus suggests that natural selection has operated in the history of this gene locus and underscores the likelihood that PspA may be important in the interaction between the pneumococcus and its human host.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.