ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces similar immune responses and protection by rectal and parenteral immunization routes.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- A user's guide to designing efficient and safe mucosal vaccines: Challenges & potentials.Oxford open immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- A century of BCG vaccination: Immune mechanisms, animal models, non-traditional routes and implications for COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Interferon-λ Improves the Efficacy of Intranasally or Rectally Administered Influenza Subunit Vaccines by a Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Dependent Mechanism.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Animal Models of Tuberculosis Vaccine Research: An Important Component in the Fight against Tuberculosis.BioMed research international · 2020Review
- Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Rectal Drug Formulations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Review
- Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2018Review
- Review
- Article
- Cellular immune responses to nine Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidates following intranasal vaccination.PloS one · 2011Article
- Is inflammation a consequence of extracellular hyperosmolarity?Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2009Article
- Poor correlation between BCG vaccination-induced T cell responses and protection against tuberculosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2007Article
- Mycobacterium bovis BCG substrains confer different levels of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a BALB/c model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Rectal immunization with rotavirus virus-like particles induces systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses and protects mice against rotavirus infection.Journal of virology · 2006Article
- Intranasal bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine dosage needs balancing between protection and lung pathology.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2004Article
- A second-generation anti TB vaccine is long overdue.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2004Article
- Single intranasal mucosal Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination confers improved protection compared to subcutaneous vaccination against pulmonary tuberculosis.Infection and immunity · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We compared cellular immune responses to rectal, subcutaneous, and intradermal administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG for 5 to 20 weeks in mice, guinea pigs, and macaques. Strong lymphoproliferative responses were induced in spleen cells after in vitro stimulation with purified protein derivative in guinea pigs and macaques, whatever the route of immunization. Comparable high numbers of gamma interferon- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing cells were found in the spleen after rectal, subcutaneous, and intradermal immunization of mice and macaques. Similar levels of precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for mycobacterial antigens were observed in mice for all immunization routes. In macaques, cytotoxic activity, determined only at the end of the experiment (20 weeks), was similar after rectal and intradermal immunization. Six months after immunization, rectal and subcutaneous routes induced in mice similar levels of protective immunity against challenge with a virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain (H37Rv). Rectal immunization gave immune responses and protective capacity similar to those for parenteral immunization and seemed to be a promising new route of vaccination against tuberculosis; in our study, immunization via the rectal route never induced side effects associated with parenteral routes (axillary adenitis) and could also effectively reduce the risks of viral transmission associated with unsafe injections in the developing world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.