ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Gallium disrupts iron metabolism of mycobacteria residing within human macrophages.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- How macrophage heterogeneity affects tuberculosis disease and therapy.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials against Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have altered cell envelope hydrophobicity that influences infection outcomes in human macrophages.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Efficacy and Possible Mechanism(s) of Action of Gallium Tetraphenylporphyrin Nanoparticles against HIV-TB Coinfection in anACS infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium(III) Compounds: Pathogen-Dependent Targeting of Multiple Iron/Heme-Dependent Biological Processes.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- HIV infection impairs the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by altering surfactant protein D function in the human lung alveolar mucosa.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Drug resistantbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Human alveolar lining fluid from the elderly promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular growth and translocation into the cytosol of alveolar epithelial cells.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Combination of gallium citrate and levofloxacin induces a distinct metabolome profile and enhances growth inhibition of multidrug-resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- EvgS/EvgA, the unorthodox two-component system regulating bacterial multiple resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Review
- Combination of MCL-1 and BCL-2 inhibitors is a promising approach for a host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023Article
- Synthesis of Antimicrobial Gallium Nanoparticles Using the Hot Injection Method.ACS materials Au · 2023Article
- A Novel Vision of Reinforcing Nanofibrous Masks with Metal Nanoparticles: Antiviral Mechanisms Investigation.Advanced fiber materials · 2023Review
- A Review of the Development of Multitarget Molecules against HIV-TB Coinfection Pathogens.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Exploring Possible Ways to Enhance the Potential and Use of Natural Products through Nanotechnology in the Battle against Biofilms of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The mechanism of metal-based antibacterial materials and the progress of food packaging applications: A review.Ceramics international · 2022Review
- Evolution of gallium applications in medicine and microbiology: a timeline.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Review
- Iron limitation in M. tuberculosis has broad impact on central carbon metabolism.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Beyond antibiotics: recent developments in the diagnosis and management of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2022Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complex (MAC) enter and multiply within monocytes and macrophages in phagosomes. In vitro growth studies using standard culture media indicate that siderophore-mediated iron (Fe) acquisition plays a critical role in the growth and metabolism of both M. tuberculosis and MAC. However, the applicability of such studies to conditions within the macrophage phagosome is unclear, due in part to the absence of experimental means to inhibit such a process. Based on the ability of gallium (Ga(3+)) to concentrate within mononuclear phagocytes and on evidence that Ga disrupts cellular Fe-dependent metabolic pathways by substituting for Fe(3+) and failing to undergo redox cycling, we hypothesized that Ga could disrupt Fe acquisition and Fe-dependent metabolic pathways of mycobacteria. We find that Ga(NO(3))(3) and Ga-transferrin produce an Fe-reversible concentration-dependent growth inhibition of M. tuberculosis strains and MAC grown extracellularly and within human macrophages. Ga is bactericidal for M. tuberculosis growing extracellularly and within macrophages. Finally, we provide evidence that exogenously added Fe is acquired by intraphagosomal M. tuberculosis and that Ga inhibits this Fe acquisition. Thus, Ga(NO(3))(3) disruption of mycobacterial Fe metabolism may serve as an experimental means to study the mechanism of Fe acquisition by intracellular mycobacteria and the role of Fe in intracellular survival. Furthermore, given the inability of biological systems to discriminate between Ga and Fe, this approach could have broad applicability to the study of Fe metabolism of other intracellular pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.