ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2000
Molecular genetics of heterokaryon incompatibility in filamentous ascomycetes.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
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136 citing papers in PubMed, 374 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Reconstructing NOD-like receptor alleles with high internal conservation inMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Identification of regions required for allelic specificity at the cell wall remodeling allorecognition checkpoint in Neurospora crassa.Genetics · 2025Article
- Micro-to multi-chimerism: the multiple facets of a singular phenomenon.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Plants interfere with non-self recognition of a phytopathogenic fungus via proline accumulation to facilitate mycovirus transmission.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Functional analysis of the mating type genes in Verticillium dahliae.BMC biology · 2024Article
- The Narrow Footprint of Ancient Balancing Selection Revealed by Heterokaryon Incompatibility Genes in Aspergillus fumigatus.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Prions in Microbes: The Least in the Most.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
- An Overview of Mycoviral Curing Strategies Used in Evaluating Fungal Host Fitness.Molecular biotechnology · 2023Review
- Article
- Looking outside the box: a comparative cross-kingdom view on the cell biology of the three major lineages of eukaryotic multicellular life.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- Emergence of the fungal immune system.iScience · 2023Review
- A peroxidase-derived ligand that inducesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi spontaneously undergo vegetative cell fusion events within but also between individuals. These cell fusions (anastomoses) lead to cytoplasmic mixing and to the formation of vegetative heterokaryons (i.e., cells containing different nuclear types). The viability of these heterokaryons is genetically controlled by specific loci termed het loci (for heterokaryon incompatibility). Heterokaryotic cells formed between individuals of unlike het genotypes undergo a characteristic cell death reaction or else are severely inhibited in their growth. The biological significance of this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Heterokaryon incompatibility genes have been proposed to represent a vegetative self/nonself recognition system preventing heterokaryon formation between unlike individuals to limit horizontal transfer of cytoplasmic infectious elements. Molecular characterization of het genes and of genes participating in the incompatibility reaction has been achieved for two ascomycetes, Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina. These analyses have shown that het genes are diverse in sequence and do not belong to a gene family and that at least some of them perform cellular functions in addition to their role in incompatibility. Divergence between the different allelic forms of a het gene is generally extensive, but single-amino-acid differences can be sufficient to trigger incompatibility. In some instances het gene evolution appears to be driven by positive selection, which suggests that the het genes indeed represent recognition systems. However, work on nonallelic incompatibility systems in P. anserina suggests that incompatibility might represent an accidental activation of a cellular system controlling adaptation to starvation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.