ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2000
Potent synergism of the combination of fluconazole and cyclosporine in Candida albicans.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 257 citations in OpenAlex.
- The antiparasitic drug Nitazoxanide enhances the susceptibility of Candida albicans to fluconazole.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Echinocandin tolerance and persistencemBio · 2026Article
- Calcium transport systems as virulence determinants: Mechanistic insights into fungal pathogenicity and antifungal resistance.Virulence · 2025Review
- Fast detection of synergy and antagonism in antifungal combinations used against Candida albicans clinical isolates.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Caspofungin binding to iron compromises its antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Vidarabine as a novel antifungal agent against Candida albicans: insights on mechanism of action.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2025Article
- In Vitro Assessment of Fluconazole and Cyclosporine A Antifungal Activities: A Promising Drug Combination Against DifferentJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fingolimod potentiates the antifungal activity of fluconazole against fluconazole-resistantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Calcineurin activity in Fonsecaea pedrosoi: tacrolimus and cyclosporine A inhibited conidia growth, filamentation and showed synergism with itraconazole.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2024Article
- Analysis of the anti-Candida activity of tricyclic antidepressants in association with amphotericin B and their antifungal mechanisms.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2024Article
- Article
- Azole potentiation in Candida species.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Propranolol Ameliorates the Antifungal Activity of Azoles in Invasive Candidiasis.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Designing Functionally Substituted Pyridine-Carbohydrazides for Potent Antibacterial and Devouring Antifungal Effect on Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Strains.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Augmenting Azoles with Drug Synergy to Expand the Antifungal Toolbox.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Candida albicans Infections: a novel porcine wound model to evaluate treatment efficacy.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Copper Acts Synergistically With Fluconazole inFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Drug repurposing strategies in the development of potential antifungal agents.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Techniques for the Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Combinations.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several types of drugs currently used in clinical practice were screened in vitro for their potentiation of the antifungal effect of the fungistatic agent fluconazole (FLC) on Candida albicans. These drugs included inhibitors of multidrug efflux transporters, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, and membrane-active compounds with no antimicrobial activity, such as antiarrhythmic agents, proton pump inhibitors, and platelet aggregation inhibitors. Among the drugs tested in an agar disk diffusion assay, cyclosporine (Cy), which had no intrinsic antifungal activity, showed a potent antifungal effect in combination with FLC. In a checkerboard microtiter plate format, however, it was observed that the MIC of FLC, as classically defined by the NCCLS recommendations, was unchanged when FLC and Cy were combined. Nevertheless, if a different reading endpoint corresponding to the minimal fungicidal concentration needed to decrease viable counts by at least 3 logs in comparison to the growth control was chosen, the combination was synergistic (fractional inhibitory concentration index of <1). This endpoint fitted to the definition of MIC-0 (optically clear wells) and reflected the absence of the trailing effect, which is the result of a residual growth at FLC concentrations greater than the MIC. The MIC-0 values of FLC and Cy tested alone in C. albicans were >32 and >10 microg/ml, respectively, and decreased to 0.5 and 0.625 microg/ml when the two drugs were combined. The combination of 0.625 microg of Cy per ml with supra-MICs of FLC resulted in a potent antifungal effect in time-kill curve experiments. This effect was fungicidal or fungistatic, depending on the C. albicans strain used. Since the Cy concentration effective in vitro is achievable in vivo, the combination of this agent with FLC represents an attractive perspective for the development of new management strategies for candidiasis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.