ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Transcutaneous immunization with bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins, subunits, and unrelated adjuvants.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcutaneous Administration of Dengue Vaccines.Viruses · 2020Article
- Comparative Adjuvant Effects of Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins in Combination with Two Different Candidate Ricin Toxin Vaccine Antigens.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2015Article
- Immunostimulant patches containing Escherichia coli LT enhance immune responses to DNA- and recombinant protein-based Alzheimer's disease vaccines.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2014Article
- A nonadjuvanted transcutaneous tetanus patch is effective in boosting anti-tetanus toxoid immune responses.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Epicutaneous Immunotherapy for Aeroallergen and Food Allergy.Current treatment options in allergy · 2014Review
- Transcutaneous antigen delivery system.BMB reports · 2013Review
- Generation of antigen-specific immunity following systemic immunization with DNA vaccine encoding CCL25 chemokine immunoadjuvant.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2012Article
- Article
- Systemic immunization with CCL27/CTACK modulates immune responses at mucosal sites in mice and macaques.Vaccine · 2010Article
- Layer-by-layer-assembled multilayer films for transcutaneous drug and vaccine delivery.ACS nano · 2009Article
- Article
- Immune modulation by adjuvants combined with diphtheria toxoid administered topically in BALB/c mice after microneedle array pretreatment.Pharmaceutical research · 2009Article
- Transcutaneous immunization with cross-reacting material CRM(197) of diphtheria toxin boosts functional antibody levels in mice primed parenterally with adsorbed diphtheria toxoid vaccine.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- Transcutaneous delivery and thermostability of a dry trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine patch.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2008Article
- Transcutaneous immunization with Clostridium difficile toxoid A induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin A-neutralizing antibodies in mice.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Topical vaccination: the skin as a unique portal to adaptive immune responses.Seminars in immunopathology · 2007Review
- Transcutaneous immunization with toxin-coregulated pilin A induces protective immunity against Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor challenge in mice.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Immunization without needles.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2005Review
- Protection against aerosolized Yersinia pestis challenge following homologous and heterologous prime-boost with recombinant plague antigens.Infection and immunity · 2005Article
- Novel approaches to vaccine delivery.Pharmaceutical research · 2004Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We have recently described a needle-free method of vaccination, transcutaneous immunization, consisting of the topical application of vaccine antigens to intact skin. While most proteins themselves are poor immunogens on the skin, we have shown that the addition of cholera toxin (CT), a mucosal adjuvant, results in cellular and humoral immune responses to the adjuvant and coadministered antigens. The present study explores the breadth of adjuvants that have activity on the skin, using diphtheria toxoid (DTx) and tetanus toxoid as model antigens. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) displayed adjuvant properties similar to those of CT when used on the skin and induced protective immune responses against tetanus toxin challenge when applied topically at doses as low as 1 microg. Interestingly, enterotoxin derivatives LTR192G, LTK63, and LTR72 and the recombinant CT B subunit also exhibited adjuvant properties on the skin. Consistent with the latter finding, non-ADP-ribosylating exotoxins, including an oligonucleotide DNA sequence, as well as several cytokines (interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta] fragment, IL-2, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and lipopolysaccharide also elicited detectable anti-DTx immunoglobulin G titers in the immunized mice. These results indicate that enhancement of the immune response to topical immunization is not restricted to CT or the ADP-ribosylating exotoxins as adjuvants. This study also reinforces earlier findings that addition of an adjuvant is important for the induction of robust immune responses to vaccine antigens delivered by topical application.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.