ArticleJournal of virology2000
The synthetic immunomodulator murabutide controls human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication at multiple levels in macrophages and dendritic cells.
Article in Journal of virology, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- NOD-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and targeting for aquaculture vaccine adjuvants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 1 (NOD1) Agonists Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Lung Epithelial Cells through Harnessing the Innate Immune Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Muramyl dipeptide-based analogs as potential anticancer compounds: Strategies to improve selectivity, biocompatibility, and efficiency.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Strategies for Using Muramyl Peptides - Modulators of Innate Immunity of Bacterial Origin - in Medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory potency of co-treatment based on bovine lactoferrin and/or muramyl dipeptide in tumor-bearing mice.Toxicology research · 2020Article
- Pyrimidine synthesis inhibition enhances cutaneous defenses against antibiotic resistant bacteria through activation of NOD2 signaling.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Tunable degradation of acetalated dextran microparticles enables controlled vaccine adjuvant and antigen delivery to modulate adaptive immune responses.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2018Article
- Role of Muramyl Dipeptide in Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Biological Activity and Osteoclast Activity.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2018Review
- Nod2 is required for the early innate immune clearance of Acinetobacter baumannii from the lungs.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Unleashing the potential of NOD- and Toll-like agonists as vaccine adjuvants.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Review
- Advax-adjuvanted recombinant protective antigen provides protection against inhalational anthrax that is further enhanced by addition of murabutide adjuvant.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Intranasal vaccination with murabutide enhances humoral and mucosal immune responses to a virus-like particle vaccine.PloS one · 2012Article
- Muramyl dipeptide and its derivatives: peptide adjuvant in immunological disorders and cancer therapy.Current bioactive compounds · 2011Article
- Unleashing the therapeutic potential of NOD-like receptors.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2009Review
- CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and the pathogenesis of retrovirus infection.Future microbiology · 2009Review
- Transcription factor binding sites in the pol gene intragenic regulatory region of HIV-1 are important for virus infectivity.Nucleic acids research · 2005Article
- Discordant effects of interleukin-2 on viral and immune parameters in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2003Article
- The transcriptional response of human macrophages to murabutide reflects a spectrum of biological effects for the synthetic immunomodulator.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2002Article
- SS-56, a novel cellular target of autoantibody responses in Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2001Article
- Enhanced maturation and functional capacity of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells by the synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide.Immunology · 2001Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells are known to play an important role in the establishment and persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Besides antiretroviral therapy, several immune-based interventions are being evaluated with the aim of achieving better control of virus replication in reservoir cells. Murabutide is a safe synthetic immunomodulator presenting a capacity to enhance nonspecific resistance against viral infections and to target cells of the reticuloendothelial system. In this study, we have examined the ability of Murabutide to control HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication in acutely infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs). Highly significant suppression of viral replication was consistently observed in Murabutide-treated cultures of both cell types. Murabutide did not affect virus entry, reverse transcriptase activity, or early proviral DNA formation in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, treated MDMs and MDDCs showed a dramatic reduction in nuclear viral two-long terminal repeat circular form and viral mRNA transcripts. This HIV-1-suppressive activity was not mediated by inhibiting cellular DNA synthesis or by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, Murabutide-stimulated cells expressed reduced CD4 and CCR5 receptors and secreted high levels of beta-chemokines, although neutralization of the released chemokines did not alter the HIV-1-suppressive activity of Murabutide. These results provide evidence that a clinically acceptable immunomodulator can activate multiple effector pathways in macrophages and in dendritic cells, rendering them nonpermissive for HIV-1 replication.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.