ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Failure To detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Pneumococcal meningitis.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Untargeted and Targeted Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurometabolomics via Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Amelioration of Inflammation in Rats with Experimentally Induced Asthma byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Regulation of Immune Homeostasis via Muramyl Peptides-Low Molecular Weight Bioregulators of Bacterial Origin.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Possible Marker of Post-Neurosurgical Meningitis: Retrospective Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Metabolic Profiling and Quantitative Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Current Methods and Future Perspectives.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A muramidase from Acremonium alcalophilum hydrolyse peptidoglycan found in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens.Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology · 2021Article
- Mass spectrometry for species or strain identification after culture or without culture: Past, present, and future.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2006Review
- Stereo-isomer specific induction of renal cell apoptosis by synthetic muramyl dipeptide (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine).Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2002Article
- Muramic acid is not generally present in the human spleen as determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Enzyme degradation and proinflammatory activity in arthritogenic and nonarthritogenic Eubacterium aerofaciens cell walls.Infection and immunity · 2001Article
- Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that binds to an epitope on soluble bacterial peptidoglycan fragments.Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2001Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Muramic acid serves as a marker for the presence of bacterial cell wall debris in mammalian tissues. There have been a number of controversial and sometimes conflicting results on assessing the levels of muramic acid in health and disease. The present report is the first to use the state-of-the art technique, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to identify and quantify the levels of muramic acid in tissues. Muramic acid was not found in normal rat brain or spleen. However, when tissues were spiked with muramic acid, it was readily identified. The detection limit was <1 ng of muramic acid/100 mg (wet weight) of tissue. The levels of muramic acid reported in diseased human spleen and spleen of arthritic rats, previously injected with bacterial cell walls, were 100- to 1,000-fold higher. In the present study, muramic acid was also readily detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pneumococcal meningitis (6.8 to 3,900 ng of muramic acid/ml of cerebrospinal fluid). In summary, there can be an enormous difference in the levels of muramic acid found in different mammalian tissues and body fluids in health and disease. This report could have great impact in future studies assessing the role of bacterial cell wall remnants in the pathogenesis of certain human inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
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