SynthesisTobacco control2000
A systematic review of interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors.
Synthesis in Tobacco control, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions and Youth E-cigarette Behavior: Impact by Tobacco Retailer Density in Diverse Communities in California.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Further Consideration of the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Young Adult Smoking in Light of the Liberalization of Cannabis Policies.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Who would be targeted by increasing the legal age of sale of cigarettes from 18 to 21? A cross-sectional study exploring the number and characteristics of smokers in England.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Article
- Behavioral interventions for smoking cessation among adolescents: a rapid review and meta-analysis for the Korea Preventive Services Task Force.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2021Article
- Youth Access to Cigarettes Across Seven European Countries: A Mixed-Methods Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Impact of Total Vending Machine Restrictions on US Young Adult Smoking.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2016Article
- Developing public health regulations for marijuana: lessons from alcohol and tobacco.American journal of public health · 2014Article
- Smokeless tobacco: how exposed are our schoolchildren?Journal of community health · 2013Article
- Long-term effects of laws governing youth access to tobacco.American journal of public health · 2013Article
- The tobacco-free generation proposal.Tobacco control · 2013Article
- Research opportunities concerning youth and the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2012Article
- The impact of local U.S. tobacco policies on youth tobacco use: A critical review.Open journal of preventive medicine · 2011Article
- "Below the Line": The tobacco industry and youth smoking.The Australasian medical journal · 2011Article
- Phasing-out tobacco: proposal to deny access to tobacco for those born from 2000.Tobacco control · 2010Article
- The "We Card" program: tobacco industry "youth smoking prevention" as industry self-preservation.American journal of public health · 2010Article
- Article
- The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence in California: results from the California tobacco policy simulation model.Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2007Article
- Effect of local youth-access regulations on progression to established smoking among youths in Massachusetts.Tobacco control · 2007Article
- Cigarette smoking transition in females of low socioeconomic status: impact of state, school, and individual factors.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2006Article
- The role of research in international tobacco control.American journal of public health · 2005Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce underage access to tobacco by deterring shopkeepers from making illegal sales.
methodSystematic literature review. DATA SOURCES: The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction group specialised register and Medline. Studies of interventions to alter retailer behaviour were identified. The terms used for searching combined terms for smoking and tobacco use with terms for minors, children or young people, and retailers, sales or commerce. STUDY SELECTION: Studies in which there was an intervention with retailers of tobacco, either through education about, or enforcement of, local ordinances. The outcomes were changes in retailer compliance with legislation (assessed by test purchasing), changes in young people's perceived ease of access to tobacco products, and changes in smoking behaviour. Controlled studies with or without random allocation of retail outlets or communities, and uncontrolled studies with pre- and post intervention assessment, were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion. One extracted data with checking by the second. DATA SYNTHESIS: The results were synthesised qualitatively, with greater weight given to controlled studies. Thirteen of 27 included studies used controls.
resultsGiving retailers information was less effective in reducing illegal sales than active enforcement and/or multicomponent educational strategies. No strategy achieved complete, sustained compliance. In three controlled trials, there was little effect of intervention on youth perceptions of access or prevalence of smoking.
conclusionsInterventions with retailers can lead to large decreases in the number of outlets selling tobacco to youths. However, few of the communities studied in this review achieved sustained levels of high compliance. This may explain why there is limited evidence for an effect of intervention on youth perception of ease of access to tobacco, and on smoking behaviour.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.