ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2000
Income, occupational position, qualification and health inequalities--competing risks? (comparing indicators of social status).
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effectiveness of eHealth weight management interventions in overweight and obese adults from low socioeconomic groups: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of socioeconomic status on patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery: A retrospective cohort study.International journal of colorectal disease · 2026Article
- Association Between Educational Inequality and Income Inequality With Metabolic Diseases and Cause-Specific Mortality.Clinical cardiology · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic differences in the utilization of diagnostic imaging and non-pharmaceutical conservative therapies for spinal diseases.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- Prioritizing determinants of cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: insights from a machine learning regression approach in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Socio-economic inequalities in rates of amenable mortality in Scotland: Analyses of the fundamental causes using the Scottish Longitudinal Study, 1991-2010.Population, space and place · 2022Article
- Outcomes Following eHealth Weight Management Interventions in Adults With Overweight and Obesity From Low Socioeconomic Groups: Protocol for a Systematic Review.JMIR research protocols · 2022Article
- The Relationship between Income and Morbidity-Longitudinal Findings from the German Ageing Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Outcomes After Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large, Multicenter Study.Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic gradient in health: mind the gap in 'invisible' disparities.Annals of translational medicine · 2020Article
- Mind Over Matter: Mindfulness, Income, Resilience, and Life Quality of Vocational High School Students in China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in type 2 diabetes in employed individuals, nonworking spouses and pensioners.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Risk-based approach to school entry examinations in Germany - a validation study.BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Adulthood Socioeconomic Position and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Comparison of Education, Occupation, Income, and Material Deprivation: The Maastricht Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Association of social deprivation with 1-year outcome of ICU survivors: results from the FROG-ICU study.Intensive care medicine · 2018Observational
- The relation between household income and surgical outcome in the Dutch setting of equal access to and provision of healthcare.PloS one · 2018Article
- Relationship between educational and occupational levels, and Chronic Kidney Disease in a multi-ethnic sample- The HELIUS study.PloS one · 2017Article
- Interaction between education and income on the risk of all-cause mortality: prospective results from the MOLI-SANI study.International journal of public health · 2016Article
- Age and Socioeconomic Gradients of Health of Indian Adults: An Assessment of Self-Reported and Biological Measures of Health.Journal of cross-cultural gerontology · 2016Article
- Compression or expansion of dementia in Germany? An observational study of short-term trends in incidence and death rates of dementia between 2006/07 and 2009/10 based on German health insurance data.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2015Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveThe debate on health inequalities has shifted from the consequences of occupational position, as expressed in the Registrar General's classification, to consequences of material living conditions. This change in interest occurred without comparative analyses of different sources of health inequalities. Thus this study investigated the relative contribution of "material resources" (income), "qualification" and "occupational position" for explaining social differentials in mortality. DESIGN AND
settingAnalyses were performed with records from a statutory health insurance in West Germany. The analyses were performed with data of 84,814 employed men and women between 25 and 65 years of age who were insured between 1987 and 1995 for at least 150 days.
resultsThe three indicators were statistically associated, but not strong enough to warrant the conclusion that they share the same empirical content. The relative risk (hazard rate) for income by controlling for occupational position and gender for the highest as compared with the lowest category was 1.99 (95% CI 1.66, 2.39). The corresponding relative risk for income by controlling for qualification and gender was 2.03 (95% CI 1.68, 2.46). In both multivariate analyses, the effects of occupational position and qualification were no longer interpretable because of large confidence intervals. In sum, income related relative mortality risks were the comparably highest, while qualification and occupational position were no longer substantial.
conclusionsThe results emphasise the present discussion on the consequences of material living conditions. Income on the one hand and qualification and occupational position on the other are largely independent. Mortality related effects of income override those of the other socioeconomic status indicators. However, seen in a time perspective, qualification may still have a placement function at least for the first occupational position.
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Registered trials
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