ArticleJournal of virology2000
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNA upper stem-loop plays distinct roles in reverse transcription and RNA packaging.
Article in Journal of virology, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thermodynamic prediction of RNA cellular activity from sequence via conformational ensembles.Cell · 2026Article
- Revealing hidden protonated conformational states in RNA dynamic ensembles.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- An RNA excited conformational state at atomic resolution.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Variations in the Abortive HIV-1 RNA Hairpin Do Not Impede Viral Sensing and Innate Immune Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Exosomal packaging of trans-activation response element (TAR) RNA by HIV-1 infected cells: a pro-malignancy message delivery to cancer cells.Molecular biology reports · 2019Review
- Interferon-Inducible Protein 16 (IFI16) Has a Broad-Spectrum Binding Ability Against ssDNA Targets: An Evolutionary Hypothesis for Antiretroviral Checkpoint.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- In cell mutational interference mapping experiment (in cell MIME) identifies the 5' polyadenylation signal as a dual regulator of HIV-1 genomic RNA production and packaging.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- The Life-Cycle of the HIV-1 Gag-RNA Complex.Viruses · 2016Review
- Review
- Targeting the HIV RNA genome: high-hanging fruit only needs a longer ladder.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2015Review
- Strong epistatic selection on the RNA secondary structure of HIV.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
- Opening of the TAR hairpin in the HIV-1 genome causes aberrant RNA dimerization and packaging.Retrovirology · 2012Article
- Role of HIV-1 RNA and protein determinants for the selective packaging of spliced and unspliced viral RNA and host U6 and 7SL RNA in virus particles.Nucleic acids research · 2011Article
- Destabilization of the TAR hairpin leads to extension of the polyA hairpin and inhibition of HIV-1 polyadenylation.Retrovirology · 2009Article
- Functional analysis of the complex trans-activating response element RNA structure in simian immunodeficiency virus.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Destabilization of the TAR hairpin affects the structure and function of the HIV-1 leader RNA.Nucleic acids research · 2008Article
- Article
- The TAR hairpin of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can be deleted when not required for Tat-mediated activation of transcription.Journal of virology · 2007Article
- HIV controls the selective packaging of genomic, spliced viral and cellular RNAs into virions through different mechanisms.Nucleic acids research · 2007Article
- Encapsidation determinants located downstream of the major splice donor in the maedi-visna virus leader region.Journal of virology · 2006Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA genome is flanked by a repeated sequence (R) that is required for HIV-1 replication. The first 57 nucleotides of R form a stable stem-loop structure called the transactivation response element (TAR) that can interact with the virally encoded transcription activator protein, Tat, to promote high levels of gene expression. Recently, we demonstrated that TAR is also important for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription, since HIV-1 mutated in the upper stem-loop of TAR showed a reduced ability both to initiate and to complete reverse transcription. We have analyzed a series of HIV-1 mutant viruses to better defined the structural or sequence elements required for natural endogenous reverse transcription and packaging of virion RNA. Our results indicate that the requirement for TAR in reverse transcription is conformation dependent, since mutants with mutations that alter the upper stem-loop orientation are defective for reverse transcription initiation and have minor defects in RNA packaging. In contrast, TAR mutations that allowed the formation of alternative upper stem-loop structure greatly reduced RNA packaging but did not affect reverse transcription efficiency. These results are consistent with direct involvement of the upper stem-loop structure in packaging of genomic RNA and suggest that the TAR RNA stem-loop from nucleotide +18 to +42 interacts with other components of the reverse transcription initiation complex to promote efficient reverse transcription.
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