ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Pyrogenic toxin superantigen site specificity in toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning in animals.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Skin levels of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 predict the severity of atopic dermatitis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Proinflammatory synergy between protease and superantigen streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins.Infection and immunity · 2025Article
- Staphylococcus aureus from Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Its Genetic Structure and Susceptibility to Phototreatment.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Toxin exposure and HLA alleles determine serum antibody binding to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) ofFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Subtypes Are Differentially Associated with Human Infections and Immunobiological Activities.mSphere · 2021Article
- Food poisoning due to a TSST1-producingIDCases · 2021Article
- [Toxic shock syndrome due toMonatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde · 2020Article
- Human Keratinocyte Response to Superantigens.mSphere · 2020Article
- Review
- Silence as a way of niche adaptation: mecC-MRSA with variations in the accessory gene regulator (agr) functionality express kaleidoscopic phenotypes.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2020Review
- Histamine release from intestinal mast cells induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) evokes vomiting reflex in common marmoset.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Staphylococcal Superantigens Stimulate Epithelial Cells through CD40 To Produce Chemokines.mBio · 2019Article
- Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Superantigen profiling of Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis isolates.Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease · 2014Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
- Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2013Review
- Influence of the vaginal microbiota on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes express pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) that are associated with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). Most PTSAgs cause TSS in deep-tissue infections, whereas only TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1) is associated with menstrual, vaginal TSS. In contrast, SFP has been linked only with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Because of the differential abilities of PTSAgs to cause systemic or localized symptoms in a site-dependent manner, the present study was undertaken to assess the toxins' abilities to cross mucosal barriers. The activity of three PTSAgs when delivered orally, vaginally, or intravenously to rabbits and orally to monkeys was investigated. TSST-1 induced shock via all three routes in rabbits. Although active when administered intravenously, SEC1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA) did not cause symptoms when administered orally or vaginally. Only SEC1 induced emesis in the monkey feeding assay. TSST-1, albeit less stable than SEC1 and SPEA to pepsin, induced diarrhea in monkeys. Our results may explain the unique association of TSST-1 with menstrual TSS and why SPEA is only rarely associated with TSS after pharyngitis, despite being highly associated with TSS after subcutaneous infections. Finally, our studies indicate that enterotoxicity in SFP is not the result of superantigenicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.