ArticleInfection and immunity2000
Gram-positive bacteria are potent inducers of monocytic interleukin-12 (IL-12) while gram-negative bacteria preferentially stimulate IL-10 production.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 317 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
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- Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus plantarum in burns.International wound journal · 2009Trial
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- Pulpitis as a microbial disease: single-cell insights into host responses and diagnostic biomarkers for vital pulp therapy.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
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- Interaction between the breast tumor microenvironment and gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Wounds and the Microbiota: The Healing Interplay Between Host and Microbial Communities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- [Are antibiotics immunomodulators? An attempt to use vancomycin in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Integrated microbiota-host-metabolome approaches reveal adaptive ruminal changes to prolonged high-grain feeding and phytogenic supplementation in cattle.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2024Article
- Antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis leads to activation of inflammatory pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Impact of a varied set of stimuli on a suite of immunological parameters within peripheral blood mononuclear cells: toward a non-animal approach for assessing immune modulation by materials intended for human use.Frontiers in toxicology · 2024Article
- Exploring secretory proteome and cytokine kinetic of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to methicillin-resistantFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Different probiotic strains alter human cord blood monocyte responses.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Steps toward a digital twin for functional food production with increased health benefits.Current research in food science · 2023Article
- Identification of novel lactic acid bacteria with enhanced protective effects against influenza virus.PloS one · 2023Article
- Why Give My Surgical Patients Probiotics.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Is Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Count Ratio a Better Indicator of Sepsis with Gram-positive Bacterial Infection?Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2021Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 are two cytokines secreted by monocytes/macrophages in response to bacterial products which have largely opposite effects on the immune system. IL-12 activates cytotoxicity and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion by T cells and NK cells, whereas IL-10 inhibits these functions. In the present study, the capacities of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to induce IL-10 and IL-12 were compared. Monocytes from blood donors were stimulated with UV-killed bacteria from each of seven gram-positive and seven gram-negative bacterial species representing both aerobic and anaerobic commensals and pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria induced much more IL-12 than did gram-negative bacteria (median, 3,500 versus 120 pg/ml at an optimal dose of 25 bacteria/cell; P < 0.001), whereas gram-negative bacteria preferentially stimulated secretion of IL-10 (650 versus 200 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Gram-positive species also induced stronger major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted IFN-gamma production in unfractionated blood mononuclear cells than did gram-negative species (12,000 versus 3,600 pg/ml; P < 0.001). The poor IL-12-inducing capacity of gram-negative bacteria was not remediated by addition of blocking anti-IL-10 antibodies to the cultures. No isolated bacterial component could be identified that mimicked the potent induction of IL-12 by whole gram-positive bacteria, whereas purified LPS induced IL-10. The results suggest that gram-positive bacteria induce a cytokine pattern that promotes Th1 effector functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.