ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2000
The streptococcal superantigen SMEZ exhibits wide allelic variation, mosaic structure, and significant antigenic variation.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toxins and Superantigens of Group A Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- The virulence factors of group A streptococcus strains isolated from invasive and non-invasive infections in Polish and German centres, 2009-2011.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2017Article
- Antigenic Variation and Immune Escape in the MTBC.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2017Review
- Genome Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Associated with Pharyngitis and Skin Infections.PloS one · 2016Article
- The contribution of group A streptococcal virulence determinants to the pathogenesis of sepsis.Virulence · 2014Review
- Emergence of Streptococcus pyogenes emm102 causing toxic shock syndrome in Southern Taiwan during 2005-2012.PloS one · 2013Article
- Current insights in invasive group A streptococcal infections in pediatrics.European journal of pediatrics · 2012Review
- Antigen targeting to major histocompatibility complex class II with streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z-2 M1, a superantigen-based vaccine carrier.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- Superantigenic activity of emm3 Streptococcus pyogenes is abrogated by a conserved, naturally occurring smeZ mutation.PloS one · 2012Article
- A novel core genome-encoded superantigen contributes to lethality of community-associated MRSA necrotizing pneumonia.PLoS pathogens · 2011Article
- Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the minor pilin FctB from Streptococcus pyogenes.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications · 2010Article
- Cloning, expression, and characterization of the superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin G from Streptococcus dysgalactiae.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Involvement of streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2005Article
- Variations in emm type among group A streptococcal isolates causing invasive or noninvasive infections in a nationwide study.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2005Article
- egc-Encoded superantigens from Staphylococcus aureus are neutralized by human sera much less efficiently than are classical staphylococcal enterotoxins or toxic shock syndrome toxin.Infection and immunity · 2004Article
- Site-specific manifestations of invasive group a streptococcal disease: type distribution and corresponding patterns of virulence determinants.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2003Article
- Superantigens and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.Emerging infectious diseases · 2003Article
- Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus.Infection and immunity · 2003Article
- Multilocus analysis of extracellular putative virulence proteins made by group A Streptococcus: population genetics, human serologic response, and gene transcription.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2001Article
- Pyrogenicity and cytokine-inducing properties of Streptococcus pyogenes superantigens: comparative study of streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z and pyrogenic exotoxin A.Infection and immunity · 2001Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The frequencies of the newly identified streptococcal superantigen genes smez, spe-g, and spe-h were determined in a panel of 103 clinical isolates collected between 1976 and 1998 at various locations throughout New Zealand. smez and spe-g were found in every group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolate, suggesting a chromosomal location. The spe-h gene was found in only 24% of the GAS isolates and is probably located on a mobile DNA element. The smez gene displays extensive allelic variation and appears to be in linkage equilibrium with the M/emm type. 22 novel smez alleles were identified from 21 different M/emm types in addition to the already reported alleles smez and smez-2 with sequence identities between 94. 5 and 99.9%. Three alleles are nonfunctional due to a single base pair deletion. The remaining 21 alleles encode distinct SMEZ variants. The mosaic structure of the smez gene suggests that this polymorphism has arisen from homologous recombination events rather than random point mutation. The recently resolved SMEZ-2 crystal structure shows that the polymorphic residues are mainly surface exposed and scattered over the entire protein. The allelic variation did not affect either Vbeta specificity or potency, but did result in significant antigenic differences. Neutralizing antibody responses of individual human sera against different SMEZ variants varied significantly. 98% of sera completely neutralized SMEZ-1, but only 85% neutralized SMEZ-2, a very potent variant that has not yet been found in any New Zealand isolate. SMEZ-specific Vbeta8 activity was found in culture supernatants of 66% of the GAS isolates, indicating a potential base for the development of a SMEZ targeting vaccine.
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