SynthesisThe Cochrane database of systematic reviews2000
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.
Synthesis in The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of vi-tetanus toxoid conjugated typhoid vaccine (PedaTyph™) in Indian children: School based cluster randomized study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Trial
- Trial
- From ancient remedies to modern miracles: tracing the evolution of vaccines and their impact on public health.3 Biotech · 2024Review
- Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Review
- Typhoid fever.Lancet (London, England) · 2015Review
- Will there ever be a universal Staphylococcus aureus vaccine?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Article
- Antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- The K1 capsular polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii is a potential therapeutic target via passive immunization.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- Gp96 rich lysate as a vaccine candidate against infection with Salmonella typhimurium.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2010Article
- Development of a bead immunoassay to measure Vi polysaccharide-specific serum IgG after vaccination with the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Vi polysaccharide.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- An all-inclusive vacation.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
- Updated by
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhole cell vaccines, consisting of relatively crude preparations of Salmonella typhi administered parenterally, are effective but have a high incidence of adverse effects. Two vaccines have been developed more recently. Ty21a (an attenuated strain of S. typhi administered orally) and Vi (the purified bacterial capsule, given parenterally), have appeared less toxic than the older whole cell vaccines and are thought to be equally effective.
objectivesThe objective of this review was to assess the effects of typhoid fever vaccines. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, Index Medicus, Embase and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing typhoid vaccines to other types of vaccine or placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN
resultsSeventeen studies, involving nearly two million people, were included. For the whole cell vaccines single dose regimens provided significant protection for the first two years. Two dose regimens provided significant protection for five years. For the Ty21a vaccine, both two and three dose regimens provided statistically significant protection for two years. The three dose regimen provided protection in the third and fourth years, but protection was not statistically significant in the fifth year. The Vi vaccine provided protection for two years, but the protection in the third year was not significant. The three year cumulative efficacy of two doses of whole cell vaccines was 73% (95% confidence interval 65-80), three doses of Ty21a was 51%, (95% confidence interval 35 to 63) and one dose of Vi was 55% (95% confidence interval 30 to 71). Data on adverse effects were limited, but indicate that whole cell vaccines are more toxic than the newer Ty21a and Vi vaccines. REVIEWER'S
conclusionsThe whole cell vaccines provided more prolonged protection than either the Ty21a vaccine or the Vi vaccine. However whole cell vaccines are associated with higher toxicity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.