ReviewDrugs2000
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and the treatment of asthma: where are we now and where do we go from here?
Review in Drugs, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2002Pooled it
- Fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: from inflammation to fibrosis and therapeutic implications.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Discovery of a PDE4B and PDE4D selective bifunctional degrader for management of chronic inflammatory disorders.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- An Overview of PDE4 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials: 2010 to Early 2022.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- An Open-Label, Randomized, Prospective, Comparative, Three-Arm Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Apremilast with Three Different Titration Methods in Patients with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis in India.Psoriasis (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Article
- The Role of PDE8 in T Cell Recruitment and Function in Inflammation.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Hesperetin-5,7,3'-Drug design, development and therapy · 2020Article
- Assessing protein-ligand binding modes with computational tools: the case of PDE4B.Journal of computer-aided molecular design · 2017Article
- Hesperetin-5,7,3'-O-triacetate suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice without reversing xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in normal mice.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2017Article
- Apremilast, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, regulates inflammation through multiple cAMP downstream effectors.Arthritis research & therapy · 2015Article
- Quercetin acutely relaxes airway smooth muscle and potentiates β-agonist-induced relaxation via dual phosphodiesterase inhibition of PLCβ and PDE4.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2013Article
- Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases.BMC medicine · 2013Review
- Hesperetin, a Selective Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, Effectively Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness without Influencing Xylazine/Ketamine-Induced Anesthesia.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2012Article
- Hesperidin-3'-o-methylether is more potent than hesperidin in phosphodiesterase inhibition and suppression of ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2012Article
- Hesperetin-7,3'-O-dimethylether selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 and effectively suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness with a high therapeutic ratio.Journal of biomedical science · 2011Article
- A selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor reduces leukocyte infiltration, oxidative processes, and tissue damage after spinal cord injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2011Article
- Biochanin a, a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4, suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2011Article
- S-Petasin, the Main Sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, Inhibits Phosphodiesterase Activity and Suppresses Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2011Article
- Aging-related hyperinflammation in endotoxemia is mediated by the alpha2A-adrenoceptor and CD14/TLR4 pathways.Life sciences · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research conducted over the last 20 years has established that inflammation of the airways is central to the airway dysfunction that characterises asthma. Typically, the airway wall is infiltrated by a variety of cells including mast cells, eosinophils and T lymphocytes, which have deviated towards a T(H)2 phenotype. Together, these cells release a plethora of mediators including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and eotaxin which ultimately cause the histopathology and symptoms of asthma. Glucocorticosteroids are the only drugs currently available that effectively impact upon this inflammation and resolve, to a greater or lesser extent, compromised lung function. However, steroids are nonselective and generally unsuitable for paediatric use. New drugs are clearly required. One group of potential therapeutic agents for asthma are inhibitors of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE), of which theophylline may be considered a prototype. It is now known that PDE is a generic term which refers to at least 11 distinct enzyme families that hydrolyse cAMP and/or cGMP. Over the last decade, inhibitors of PDE4 (a cAMP-specific family that negatively regulates the function of almost all pro-inflammatory and immune cells, and exerts widespread anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of asthma) have been developed with the view to reducing the adverse effects profile associated with non-selective inhibitors such as theophylline. Such is the optimism regarding PDE4 as a viable therapeutic target that more than 100 PDE4 inhibitor patent applications have been filed since 1996 by 13 major pharmaceutical companies. This article reviews the progress of PDE4 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents, and identifies problems that have been encountered by the pharmaceutical industry in the clinical development of these drugs and what strategies are being considered to overcome them.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.