ArticleJournal of virology2000
Functional differences between the long terminal repeat transcriptional promoters of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes A through G.
Article in Journal of virology, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 161 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 293 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reservoir differences across HIV-1 subtypes: a systematic review to guide cure research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- PKC inhibitors reveal PKC isoforms involved in HIV latency reversal and immunomodulation.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Atlas of HIV cis-regulatory elements reveals extensive transcriptional variation across clades, isolates, and within individuals.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Gonadocorticoids Have Different Effects on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors When Infected with Various HIV-1 Subtypes.Viruses · 2025Article
- The HIV-1 Transcriptional Program: From Initiation to Elongation Control.Journal of molecular biology · 2025Review
- The Proviral Reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Development of a latency model for HIV-1 subtype C and the impact of long terminal repeat element genetic variation on latency reversal.Journal of virus eradication · 2024Article
- Viral cis-regulatory elements as sensors of cellular states and environmental cues.Trends in genetics : TIG · 2024Review
- Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-Delivered Exosomal TAT and BiTE Molecule CD4-αCD3 Facilitate the Elimination of CD4 T Cells Harboring Latent HIV-1.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Structural elucidation of HIV-1 G-quadruplexes in a cellular environment and their ligand binding using responsiveChemical science · 2024Article
- Metformin Treatment Leads to Increased HIV Transcription and Gene Expression through Increased CREB Phosphorylation and Recruitment to the HIV LTR Promoter.Aging and disease · 2024Article
- Enhanced NF-κB activation via HIV-1 Tat-TRAF6 cross-talk.Science advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Experimental models for HIV latency and molecular tools for reservoir quantification-an update.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2023Review
- Development trends of immune activation during HIV infection in recent three decades: a bibliometric analysis based on CiteSpace.Archives of microbiology · 2023Article
- Genetic variation of the HIV-1 subtype C transmitted/founder viruses long terminal repeat elements and the impact on transcription activation potential and clinical disease outcomes.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters.Viruses · 2023Article
- Phylogenetic Analysis of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Originating from Naturally Infected Sheep and Goats from Poland Based on the Long Terminal Repeat Sequences.Journal of veterinary research · 2022Article
- p53 Binding Sites in Long Terminal Repeat 5Hs (LTR5Hs) of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Family (HML-2 Subgroup) Play Important Roles in the Regulation of LTR5Hs Transcriptional Activity.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- An additional NF-κB site allows HIV-1 subtype C to evade restriction by nuclear PYHIN proteins.Cell reports · 2021Article
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) shows an increasing number of distinct viral subtypes, as well as viruses that are recombinants of at least two subtypes. Although no biological differences have been described so far for viruses that belong to different subtypes, there is considerable sequence variation between the different HIV-1 subtypes. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) encodes the transcriptional promoter, and the LTR of subtypes A through G was cloned and analyzed to test if there are subtype-specific differences in gene expression. Sequence analysis demonstrated a unique LTR enhancer-promoter configuration for each subtype. Transcription assays with luciferase reporter constructs showed that all subtype LTRs are functional promoters with a low basal transcriptional activity and a high activity in the presence of the viral Tat transcriptional activator protein. All subtype LTRs responded equally well to the Tat trans activator protein of subtype B. This result suggests that there are no major differences in the mechanism of Tat-mediated trans activation among the subtypes. Nevertheless, subtype-specific differences in the activity of the basal LTR promoter were measured in different cell types. Furthermore, we measured a differential response to tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment, and the induction level correlated with the number of NF-kappaB sites in the respective LTRs, which varies from one (subtype E) to three (subtype C). In general, subtype E was found to encode the most potent LTR, and we therefore inserted the core promoter elements of subtype E in the infectious molecular clone of the LAI isolate (subtype B). This recombinant LAI-E virus exhibited a profound replication advantage compared with the original LAI virus in the SupT1 T-cell line, indicating that subtle differences in LTR promoter activity can have a significant impact on viral replication kinetics. These results suggest that there may be considerable biological differences among the HIV-1 subtypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.