ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2000
Detection of beta 2-adrenergic receptor dimerization in living cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET).
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 254 papers.
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Who cites it
254 citing papers in PubMed, 631 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Mechanism and function of GPR3 regulated by a negative allosteric modulator.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Single-molecule localization microscopy as a tool to quantify di/oligomerization of receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors.Molecular pharmacology · 2025Review
- Essential strategies for the detection of constitutive and ligand-dependent Gi-directed activity of 7TM receptors using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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- The β2-adrenergic receptor associates with CXCR4 multimers in human cancer cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dimerization-What Next?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
194 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heptahelical receptors that interact with heterotrimeric G proteins represent the largest family of proteins involved in signal transduction across biological membranes. Although these receptors generally were believed to be monomeric entities, a growing body of evidence suggests that they may form functionally relevant dimers. However, a definitive demonstration of the existence of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dimers at the surface of living cells is still lacking. Here, using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), as a protein-protein interaction assay in whole cells, we unambiguously demonstrate that the human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) forms constitutive homodimers when expressed in HEK-293 cells. Receptor stimulation with the hydrophilic agonist isoproterenol led to an increase in the transfer of energy between beta(2)AR molecules genetically fused to the BRET donor (Renilla luciferase) and acceptor (green fluorescent protein), respectively, indicating that the agonist interacts with receptor dimers at the cell surface. Inhibition of receptor internalization did not prevent agonist-promoted BRET, demonstrating that it did not result from clustering of receptors within endosomes. The notion that receptor dimers exist at the cell surface was confirmed further by the observation that BS3, a cell-impermeable cross-linking agent, increased BRET between beta(2)AR molecules. The selectivity of the constitutive interaction was documented by demonstrating that no BRET occurred between the beta(2)AR and two other unrelated GPCR. In contrast, the well characterized agonist-dependent interaction between the beta(2)AR and the regulatory protein beta-arrestin could be monitored by BRET. Taken together, the data demonstrate that GPCR exist as functional dimers in vivo and that BRET-based assays can be used to study both constitutive and hormone-promoted selective protein-protein interactions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.