ArticleThe EMBO journal2000
Camel heavy-chain antibodies: diverse germline V(H)H and specific mechanisms enlarge the antigen-binding repertoire.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 287 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heritable transgenic schistosomes as a living platform for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody secretion.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Panel of VHH Antibodies Against Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus D-Antigen Reveals Strain-Specific and Cross-Serotype Reactivity.Viruses · 2026Article
- Different modes of engagement with the nucleosome acidic patch yield distinct functional outcomes.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Screening and Preliminary Identification of Inhibin α Subunit-Specific Nanobodies Through High-Throughput Sequencing Combined with Mass Spectrometry.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Tiny tools closing the gap: nanobodies in research and therapy.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Convergent strategies for nanobody-mediated inhibition of an epoxide hydrolase.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Mapping of Immune Nanobody Repertoires with NanoMAP.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Different modes of engagement with the nucleosome acidic patch yield distinct functional outcomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Delving into the innate and adaptive immunity of camelids: a paradigm of interspecies adaptation and evolutionary innovation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Complementarity of Deep Learning and Physics-Based Approaches in the Design of New Antibodies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Review
- Engineering a novel light-chain single-domain antibody to enable IgG-format bispecific antibody design.Antibody therapeutics · 2025Article
- Nanobodies and their derivatives: pioneering the future of cancer immunotherapy.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Nanobodies: From Discovery to AI-Driven Design.Biology · 2025Review
- CDH17-targeting CAR-NK cells synergize with CD47 blockade for potent suppression of gastrointestinal cancers.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Single-cell 5' RNA sequencing of camelid peripheral B cells provides insights into cellular basis of heavy-chain antibody production.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- On the humanization of VHHs: Prospective case studies, experimental and computational characterization of structural determinants for functionality.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2024Article
- A Simple Analysis of the Second (Extra) Disulfide Bridge of VMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- TEMPRO: nanobody melting temperature estimation model using protein embeddings.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells targeting immunogenic cell death marker ERp57 execute robust antitumor activity and have a synergistic effect with ICD inducer oxaliplatin.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The antigen-binding site of the camel heavy-chain antibodies devoid of light chain consists of a single variable domain (V(H)H) that obviously lacks the V(H)-V(L) combinatorial diversity. To evaluate the extent of the V(H)H antigen-binding repertoire, a germline database was constructed from PCR-amplified V(H)H/V(H) segments of a single specimen of Camelus dromedarius. A total of 33 V(H)H and 39 V()H unique sequences were identified, encoded by 42 and 50 different genes, respectively. Sequence comparison indicates that the V(H)Hs evolved within the V(H) subgroup III. Nevertheless, the V(H)H germline segments are highly diverse, leading to a broad structural repertoire of the antigen-binding loops. Seven V(H)H subfamilies were recognized, of which five were confirmed to be expressed in vivo. Comparison of germline and cDNA sequences demonstrates that the rearranged V(H)Hs are extensively diversified by somatic mutation processes, leading to an additional hypervariable region and a high incidence of nucleotide insertions or deletions. These diversification processes are driven by hypermutation and recombination hotspots embedded in the V(H)H germline genes at the regions affecting the structure of the antigen-binding loops.
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