ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2000
Estrogen up-regulates Bcl-2 and blocks tolerance induction of naive B cells.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- From Genes to Pathways: The Molecular Landscape of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Hormone-dependent immune regulation shapes asthma heterogeneity across the female lifespan.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Females with Obesity Exhibit Greater Influenza Vaccine-induced Immunity and Protection than Males in a Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Estrogen influences class-switched memory B cell frequency only in humans with two X chromosomes.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Toward understanding sexual immune dimorphism in humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Females with obesity exhibit greater influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection than males in a mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Hormones and B-cell development in health and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Progestogen Hypersensitivity.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Increased development of T-betClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Article
- Variation in antibody titers determined by Abbott and Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 assays in vaccinated healthcare workers.Heliyon · 2023Article
- How Estrogen, Testosterone, and Sex Differences Influence Serum Immunoglobulin Isotype Patterns in Mice and Humans.Viruses · 2023Article
- Age-Related Changes in the Clustering of Blood Populations in Cynomolgus Monkeys Depend on Sex and Immune Status.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sex differences in a murine model of asthma are time and tissue compartment dependent.PloS one · 2023Article
- Lupus and recurrent pregnancy loss: the role of female sex hormones and B cells.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Bacterial Infections.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex hormones are presumed to contribute to sexual dimorphism in the immune system. Estrogen, in particular, has been suggested to predispose women to systemic lupus erythematosus. We report here that estradiol (E(2)) can break B cell tolerance and induce a lupus-like phenotype in nonautoimmune mice transgenic for the heavy chain of a pathogenic anti-DNA antibody. E(2) treatment resulted in a rise in anti-DNA serum titers and in Ig deposition in renal glomeruli. ELISPOT analysis confirmed a significant increase in the number of high-affinity anti-DNA antibody-secreting B cells in the spleens of E(2)-treated mice. Hybridomas generated from E(2)-treated mice express high-affinity, unmutated anti-DNA antibodies, indicating that naive B cells that are normally deleted or anergized are rescued from tolerance induction. Finally, immunohistochemical studies revealed increased Bcl-2 expression in splenic B cells of E(2)-treated mice. These data demonstrate that estrogen interferes with tolerance induction of naive autoreactive B cells and that the presence of these B cells in the periphery is associated with up-regulation of Bcl-2.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.