ReviewSpringer seminars in immunopathology1999
Th1/Th2 balance in infection.
Review in Springer seminars in immunopathology, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Helminth Infection on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Tryptophan metabolism reprogramming regulates Th1/Th2 immune balance and inhibits mast cell activation.Amino acids · 2026Article
- Telomere shortening correlates with immune dysregulation and severity in pulmonary tuberculosis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Synergistic Effects of Mineral and Postbiotics Mixtures in Ameliorating Atopic Dermatitis in the NC/Nga Mouse Model.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Purified Native Collagen Extracellular Matrix Plus Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Functions as a Barrier to Protect Complex Wounds in an In Vivo Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Lymphocyte Fractions as Indicators of T-Helper 1/T-Helper 2 Cytokine Profiles in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Article
- Multilayer Adjuvanted Influenza Protein Nanoparticles Improve Intranasal Delivery and Antigen-Specific Immunity.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Chitooligosaccharides suppress airway inflammation, fibrosis, and mucus hypersecretion in a house dust mite-induced allergy model.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Article
- Impact of diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment from an immunologic perspective.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses.Science advances · 2024Article
- From immunology to artificial intelligence: revolutionizing latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis with machine learning.Military Medical Research · 2023Review
- Self-Adjuvanting Calcium-Phosphate-Coated Microcrystal-Based Vaccines Induce Pyroptosis in Human and Livestock Immune Cells.Vaccines · 2023Article
- T cells in health and disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- CpG 684: an effective adjuvant for the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in mice.Future virology · 2023Article
- Sex-Specific Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Diabetic Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Efficacy.Journal of immunology research · 2023Article
- Immune Response to Conjugates of Fragments of the Type K9 Capsular Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii with Carrier Proteins.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway is involved in the cytokine changes in mice with alveolar echinococcosis.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
- An Early Th1 Response Is a Key Factor for a Favorable COVID-19 Evolution.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- IL-6 and IL-10 Are Associated With Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria Infection in Lymphoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Longevity of memory B cells and antibodies, as well as the polarization of effector memory helper T cells, are associated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines produced by T helper (Th) cells are of critical importance for the outcome of many infectious diseases. Producing the "right" set of cytokines in response to an infectious agent can be a matter of life or death. The Th1/Th2 dichotomy, although an oversimplification has proven useful in the analysis of immune responses to infections. In some infectious diseases, most notably leishmaniasis or infections with gastrointestinal helminths, one Th subset is indispensable for clearing the infection, whereas the opposite Th subset is detrimental. More frequently, both Th1 and Th2 responses are required at different time points to effectively eradicate an infectious agent. The granuloma responses to either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Schistosoma mansoni provide illustrative examples and are discussed in this review. There is accumulating evidence for frequent coexpression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines during the in vivo immune response to infections. The mechanisms by which infectious agents modulate Th1/Th2 phenotype development are summarized here. Finally, we review here the current evidence for cytokine imbalances induced by infections as pathogenic or protective factors in autoimmunity and allergy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.