ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2000
Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2000. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 191 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
191 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 537 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of invasive meningococcal disease epidemiology in the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa region.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis in non-African countries over the last 50 years: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2019Pooled it
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012.Intensive care medicine · 2013Guideline
- Association of secondhand smoke exposure with pediatric invasive bacterial disease and bacterial carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2010Pooled it
- Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review.BMC medicine · 2009Pooled it
- Prospective controlled study of the diagnostic value of skin biopsy in patients with presumed meningococcal disease.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2006Trial
- Article
- Extreme Hyperleukocytosis in Meningococcal Bacteremia Mimicking Leukemia: A Case Report.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Effects of surface-exposed sialic acid and LOS outer core on the ability of native Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) to induce cytokine expression and pyroptotic pathways in THP-1-derived macrophages.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identification of a Kingella kingae factor H binding protein that is the major determinant of serum resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Current methods in the diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of the oropharyngeal microbiome in a cohort of Ivorian school children.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- CARD8 polymorphisms among bacterial meningitis patients in North-West Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Article
- Association between Meningococcal Meningitis and Santa Ana Winds in Children and Adolescents from Tijuana, Mexico: A Need for Vaccination.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
131 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The only natural reservoir of Neisseria meningitidis is the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. Depending on age, climate, country, socioeconomic status, and other factors, approximately 10% of the human population harbors meningococci in the nose. However, invasive disease is relatively rare, as it occurs only when the following conditions are fulfilled: (i) contact with a virulent strain, (ii) colonization by that strain, (iii) penetration of the bacterium through the mucosa, and (iv) survival and eventually outgrowth of the meningococcus in the bloodstream. When the meningococcus has reached the bloodstream and specific antibodies are absent, as is the case for young children or after introduction of a new strain in a population, the ultimate outgrowth depends on the efficacy of the innate immune response. Massive outgrowth leads within 12 h to fulminant meningococcal sepsis (FMS), characterized by high intravascular concentrations of endotoxin that set free high concentrations of proinflammatory mediators. These mediators belonging to the complement system, the contact system, the fibrinolytic system, and the cytokine system induce shock and diffuse intravascular coagulation. FMS can be fatal within 24 h, often before signs of meningitis have developed. In spite of the increasing possibilities for treatment in intensive care units, the mortality rate of FMS is still 30%. When the outgrowth of meningococci in the bloodstream is impeded, seeding of bacteria in the subarachnoidal compartment may lead to overt meningitis within 24 to 36 h. With appropriate antibiotics and good clinical surveillance, the mortality rate of this form of invasive disease is 1 to 2%. The overall mortality rate of meningococcal disease can only be reduced when patients without meningitis, i.e., those who may develop FMS, are recognized early. This means that the fundamental nature of the disease as a meningococcus septicemia deserves more attention.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.