SynthesisEnvironmental health perspectives1999
Environmental tobacco smoke and low birth weight: a hazard in the workplace?
Synthesis in Environmental health perspectives, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic variation affects congenital heart defect susceptibility in offspring exposed to maternal tobacco use.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2015Trial
- Educational inequalities in perinatal outcomes: the mediating effect of smoking and environmental tobacco exposure.PloS one · 2012Trial
- An intervention to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure improves pregnancy outcomes.Pediatrics · 2010Trial
- The design, implementation and acceptability of an integrated intervention to address multiple behavioral and psychosocial risk factors among pregnant African American women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2008Trial
- Factors Influencing Preterm Birth in a Cohort of Predominantly Black Fathers: Preliminary Findings from the Fathers Matter Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Potentially toxic metals in umbilical cord blood as a biomarker for passive smoker women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Maternal occupational exposures during early stages of pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in the NINFEA birth-cohort.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between maternal lifestyle factors and low birth weight in preterm and term births: a case-control study.Reproductive health · 2020Article
- Arsenic and birth outcomes in a predominately lower income Hispanic pregnancy cohort in Los Angeles.Environmental research · 2020Article
- Social determinants of smoke exposure during pregnancy: Findings from waves 1 & 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.Preventive medicine reports · 2018Article
- Low-level maternal exposure to nicotine associates with significant metabolic perturbations in second-trimester amniotic fluid.Environment international · 2017Article
- Patterns of Smoking Behaviour in Low-Income Pregnant Women: A Cohort Study of Differential Effects on Infant Birth Weight.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Birth Outcomes among a Population Residing near a Mining-Related Superfund Site.Environmental health perspectives · 2016Article
- Inequities in workplace secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking women of reproductive age.American journal of public health · 2015Article
- Comparative Evaluation of the Impact of Subacute Exposure of Smokeless Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke on Rat Testis.International journal of reproductive medicine · 2015Article
- Adverse effects of parental smoking during pregnancy in urban and rural areas.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2014Article
- The Effect of Second-Hand Smoke Exposure during Pregnancy on the Newborn Weight in Malaysia.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2014Article
- Infertility, Pregnancy Loss and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Relation to Maternal Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure.Current women's health reviews · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) increases infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. One well-established risk factor is maternal smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure has recently been focused on as another potential risk factor. In this article, we review epidemiologic literature on the effects of ETS on LBW and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), the cause of LBW related to maternal smoking. As we consider the feasibility of modifying women's exposure, we focus our discussion on workplace exposure to ETS. The workplace is particularly important to consider because women of child-bearing age are present in the workplace in greater numbers now than ever before. In addition, certain subgroups of working women may be particularly at risk from the effects of ETS on pregnancy because they work in environments with higher exposure or they are more susceptible to its effects. We conclude that there is consistent evidence to relate maternal ETS exposure to an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and that this association may be generalized to the work environment. In studies with positive findings, infants exposed to ETS antenatally were 1.5-4 times more likely to be born with LBW, but few studies examined LBW. Most studies looked at measures of IUGR. ETS was associated with reductions in birth weight (adjusted for gestational age) ranging from 25 to 90 g. Infants born to women exposed to ETS were generally 2-4 times more likely to be born small-for-gestational age. ETS exposure in the workplace can and should be minimized to protect pregnant women from its adverse effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.