Evidence map›Paper›PMID 10580187›Full record

ReviewVaccine1999

DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects.

W W Leitner, H Ying, N P Restifo

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Vaccine, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
126citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
6.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

126 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 406 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Preharvest Control ofMicroorganisms · 2025
    Review
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  20. Review

66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

W W LeitnerNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892-1502, USA. wolfgang_leitner@nih.gov
H Ying
N P Restifo
National Cancer Institute · USNational Institutes of Health · US

Funding

Building on the success of the adoptive immunotherapy of cancerZ01BC010763 · NCI · DIVISION OF BASIC SCIENCES - NCI · PI RESTIFO, NICHOLAS P · 2006 to 2008
$6.4M
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 BC010763Intramural NIH HHS Z99 CA999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

DNA vaccines were introduced less than a decade ago but have already been applied to a wide range of infectious and malignant diseases. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the activities of these new vaccines. We focus on recent strategies designed to enhance their function including the use of immunostimulatory (CpG) sequences, dendritic cells (DC), co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine- and chemokine-adjuvants. Although genetic vaccines have been significantly improved, they may not be sufficiently immunogenic for the therapeutic vaccination of patients with infectious diseases or cancer in clinical trials. One promising approach aimed at dramatically increasing the immunogenicity of genetic vaccines involves making them 'self-replicating'. This can be accomplished by using a gene encoding RNA replicase, a polyprotein derived from alphaviruses, such as Sindbis virus. Replicase-containing RNA vectors are significantly more immunogenic than conventional plasmids, immunizing mice at doses as low as 0.1 microg of nucleic acid injected once intramuscularly. Cells transfected with 'self-replicating' vectors briefly produce large amounts of antigen before undergoing apoptotic death. This death is a likely result of requisite double-stranded (ds) RNA intermediates, which also have been shown to super-activate DC. Thus, the enhanced immunogenicity of 'self-replicating' genetic vaccines may be a result of the production of pro-inflammatory dsRNA, which mimics an RNA-virus infection of host cells.

Indexed as

RNAVaccines, DNAAnimalsBone Marrow CellsDNA ReplicationHumansInjections, IntradermalInjections, IntramuscularMusclesVaccinationRNAVaccines, DNA

Identifiers

PMID10580187
PMCPMC1986720
OpenAlexW2032572780

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.