ArticleBritish journal of cancer1999
The potential role for prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) as a marker of human breast cancer micrometastasis.
Article in British journal of cancer, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting AI Interpretability in Precision Oncology: Why Predictive Accuracy Does Not Ensure Stable Feature Importance.Cancers · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Deep profiling of gene expression across 18 human cancers.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Association of Selected STAT Inhibitors with Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A deep profile of gene expression across 18 human cancers.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Breast cancers co-opt normal mechanisms of tolerance to promote immune evasion and metastasis.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2022Review
- Downregulation of Prolactin-Induced Protein Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2021Article
- The Prolactin Inducible Protein Modulates Antitumor Immune Responses and Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- The human breast cancer-associated protein, the prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), regulates intracellular signaling events and cytokine production by macrophages.Immunologic research · 2018Article
- Prolactin-induced protein (PIP)-characterization and role in breast cancer progression.American journal of cancer research · 2018Review
- Role of dendritic cell maturation factors produced by human invariant NKT cells in immune tolerance.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2017Article
- Prolactin-induced protein as a potential therapy response marker of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.American journal of cancer research · 2016Article
- Milk: an epigenetic amplifier of FTO-mediated transcription? Implications for Western diseases.Journal of translational medicine · 2015Review
- Prolactin-induced protein is required for cell cycle progression in breast cancer.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2014Article
- Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) regulates proliferation of luminal A type breast cancer cells in an estrogen-independent manner.PloS one · 2014Article
- Primary neuroendocrine breast cancer, how much do we know so far?Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2012Review
- Runx2 controls a feed-forward loop between androgen and prolactin-induced protein (PIP) in stimulating T47D cell proliferation.Journal of cellular physiology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The prolactin-inducible protein (PIP/GCPD15) is believed to originate from a limited set of tissues, including breast and salivary glands, and has been applied as a clinical marker for the diagnosis of metastatic tumours of unknown origin. We have investigated the potential role of PIP mRNA as a marker of human breast cancer metastasis. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Southern or dot blot analysis, PIP mRNA was detected in 4/6 breast cell lines, independent of oestrogen receptor (ER) status. In breast primary tumours (n = 97), analysed from histologically characterized sections, PIP mRNA was detected in most cases. Higher PIP mRNA levels correlated with ER+ (P = 0.0004), progesterone receptor positive (PR+) (P = 0.0167), low-grade (P = 0.0195) tumours, and also PIP protein levels assessed by immunohistochemistry (n = 19, P = 0.0319). PIP mRNA expression was also detectable in 11/16 (69%) of axillary node metastases. PIP mRNA expression, however, was also detected in normal breast duct epithelium, skin, salivary gland and peripheral blood leucocyte samples from normal individuals. We conclude that PIP mRNA is frequently expressed in both primary human breast tumours and nodal metastases. However, the presence of PIP expression in skin creates a potential source of contamination in venepuncture samples that should be considered in its application as a marker for breast tumour micrometastases.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.