ReviewDrugs1999
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones.
Review in Drugs, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of antimicrobial treatments of orofacial odontogenic infections.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2005Pooled it
- A randomized, controlled trial of prulifloxacin as conversion therapy after intravenous carbapenem in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis caused by third generation cephalosporin resistant pathogens: A pilot study.Clinical and translational science · 2023Trial
- 2-Day versus C-reactive protein guided antibiotherapy with levofloxacin in acute COPD exacerbation: A randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2021Trial
- An evaluation of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration.BMC clinical pharmacology · 2011Trial
- Randomized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of fluoroquinolones for tuberculous meningitis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2011Trial
- Efficacy and safety of a novel once-daily extended-release ciprofloxacin tablet formulation for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2005Trial
- [18F]Ciprofloxacin, a new positron emission tomography tracer for noninvasive assessment of the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in humans.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2004Trial
- Multiple-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of oral garenoxacin in healthy subjects.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2003Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous levofloxacin in patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2003Trial
- Effects of AIDS and gender on steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary ethambutol concentrations.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2001Trial
- Antibiotics and the Endocrine System: Mechanisms, Adverse Effects, and Clinical Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploratory Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Plasma and Interstitial Fluid of Dogs: Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling and PK/PD Target Attainment Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nemonoxacin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics againstAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Efflux pump overexpression in fluoroquinolone multidrug resistance: molecular mechanisms, PK/PD implications, global epidemiology, and translational strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Fluoroquinolones for Dermatologists: A Practical Guide to Clinical Use and Risk Management.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A hollow fiber infection model to study intracellular and extracellular antibiotic activity againstiScience · 2025Article
- Fluoroquinolone-Mediated Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance not promote fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Fluoroquinolone resistance in ESKAPE pathogens: evolutionary pathways, one health transmission, and clinical surveillance.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Selective and Concentrative Enteropancreatic Recirculation of Antibiotics by Pigs.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The fluoroquinolones have moderate to excellent bioavailability, moderate to long elimination half-lives (50 to 98%) and volumes of distribution >1.5 L/kg. There is considerable variation in elimination pattern between fluoroquinolone agents, ranging from predominant renal excretion to extensive hepatic metabolism. Protein binding also varies between agents. Tissue concentrations often exceed plasma concentrations, while concentrations in CSF are modest in the presence of inflammation. Fluoroquinolones show concentration-dependent killing in vitro, and animal models have demonstrated the 24-hour AUC/MIC (area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration) ratio to be the best predictor of bacterial killing in vivo, with the peak plasma concentration (Cmax)/MIC ratio being important for some bacteria, to prevent the emergence of resistance during treatment. Animal models and human studies with ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin and levofloxacin show that a 24-hour AUC/MIC ratio of about 100, or a Cmax/MIC ratio of about 10 gives maximum clinical and bacteriological efficacy. These values can be used to predict the efficacy of different agents against different pathogens, and to define pharmacodynamic 'breakpoints'.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.