ReviewNature biotechnology1999
Advances in vaccine adjuvants.
Review in Nature biotechnology, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 507 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in vaccine adjuvant development and future perspectives.Drug delivery · 2025Review
- Development and Evaluation of Dual Microneedle Array Patch for Sequential Intradermal Delivery of Adjuvant and Antigen.Pharmaceutical research · 2025Article
- Multiscale dynamic immunomodulation by a nanoemulsified Trojan-TLR7/8 adjuvant for robust protection against heterologous pandemic and endemic viruses.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Article
- Advances in nanotechnology-enabled adjuvants for peptide-based cancer vaccines.Nano research · 2025Article
- Adjuvants forVirulence · 2024Review
- Update on Hepatitis C Vaccine: Results and Challenges.Viruses · 2024Review
- Development and Applications of PLGA Hydrogels for Sustained Delivery of Therapeutic Agents.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2024Review
- Potential of DPD ((S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione) Analogs in Microparticulate Formulation as Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Harnessing Pentameric Scaffold of Cholera Toxin B (CTB) for Design of Subvirion Recombinant Dengue Virus Vaccine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Mn(iii)-mediated carbon-centered radicals generate an enhanced immunotherapeutic effect.Chemical science · 2024Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Strategies Using Varicella-Zoster Virus gE mRNA Vaccine and Adjuvanted Protein Subunit Vaccine Triggered Superior Cell Immune Response in Middle-Aged Mice.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Article
- Development of a spore-based mucosal vaccine against the bovine respiratory pathogen Mannheimia haemolytica.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Polymeric Delivery Systems as a Potential Vaccine against Visceral Leishmaniasis: Formulation Development and Immunogenicity.Vaccines · 2023Article
- ABToxins · 2023Article
- Simulation of Hemorrhage Pathogenesis in Mice through Dual Stimulation with Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III-Coated Nanoparticles and Antiplatelet Antibody.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens ofVaccines · 2023Article
- A NF-κB-Based High-Throughput Screening for Immune Adjuvants and Inhibitors.Inflammation · 2023Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Currently, aluminum salts and MF59 are the only vaccine adjuvants approved for human use. With the development of new-generation vaccines (including recombinant subunit and mucosal vaccines) that are less immunogenic, the search for more potent vaccine adjuvants has intensified. Of the novel compounds recently evaluated in human trials, immunostimulatory molecules such as the lipopolysaccharide derived MPL and the saponin derivative QS21 appear most promising, although doubts have been raised as to their safety in humans. Preclinical work with particulate adjuvants, such as the MF59 microemulsion and lipid-particle immune-stimulating complexes (Iscoms), suggest that these molecules are also potent elicitors of humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, preclinical data on CpG oligonucleotides appear to be encouraging, particularly with respect to their ability to selectively manipulate immune responses. While all these adjuvants show promise, further work is needed to better define the mechanisms of adjuvant action. Ultimately, the development of more potent adjuvants may allow vaccines to be used as therapeutic, rather than prophylactic, agents.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.