ReviewProceedings. Biological sciences1999
The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Review in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toxicogenetic profiling of an antifungal lawsone silver salt: in silico and in vitro analysis in 2D and 3D mammalian models.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2026Article
- Holobiontic Intercellular Relationships Between the Oral Cavity and the Rest of the Human Organism: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Oregano essential oil: a pre-harvest tool to reduce Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in market-age broilers.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrated Symbiotic Pleiotropy: Long Non-Coding RNAs and Disordered Proteins Interweaving the Functional Layers of the Eukaryotic Cell.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Eukaryogenesis From FECA to LECA: Radical Steps Along the Way.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Viruses and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration and Cognition: An Evolutionary Perspective.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Symbiosis: In search of a deeper understanding.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Plastid engineering using episomal DNA.Plant cell reports · 2023Review
- Human Pangenomics: Promises and Challenges of a Distributed Genomic Reference.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Bacteriocin-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Enhancing cell adhesive and antibacterial activities of glass-fibre-reinforced polyetherketoneketone through Mg and Ag PIII.Regenerative biomaterials · 2023Article
- Monitoring membranes: The exploration of biological bilayers with second harmonic generation.Chemical physics reviews · 2022Review
- Review
- The role of mitochondrial energetics in the origin and diversification of eukaryotes.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Article
- Comprehensive Profiling of Paper Mulberry (International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Autophagy and longevity: Evolutionary hints from hyper-longevous mammals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Article
- Archaea, from obscurity to superhero microbes: 40 years of surprises and critical biological insights.Emerging topics in life sciences · 2018Article
- Spatial scales of living cells and their energetic and informational capacity.European biophysics journal : EBJ · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Eukaryotes have long been thought to have arisen by evolving a nucleus, endomembrane, and cytoskeleton. In contrast, it was recently proposed that the first complex cells, which were actually proto-eukaryotes, arose simultaneously with the acquisition of mitochondria. This so-called symbiotic association hypothesis states that eukaryotes emerged when some ancient anaerobic archaebacteria (hosts) engulfed respiring alpha-proteobacteria (symbionts), which evolved into the first energy-producing organelles. Therefore, the intracellular compartmentalization of the energy-converting metabolism that was bound originally to the plasma membrane appears to be the key innovation towards eukaryotic genome and cellular organization. The novel energy metabolism made it possible for the nucleotide synthetic apparatus of cells to be no longer limited by subsaturation with substrates and catalytic components. As a consequence, a considerable increase has occurred in the size and complexity of eukaryotic genomes, providing the genetic basis for most of the further evolutionary changes in cellular complexity. On the other hand, the active uptake of exogenous DNA, which is general in bacteria, was no longer essential in the genome organization of eukaryotes. The mitochondrion-driven scenario for the first eukaryotes explains the chimera-like composition of eukaryotic genomes as well as the metabolic and cellular organization of eukaryotes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.