Trial reportImmunology1999
Milk cytokines and subclinical breast inflammation in Tanzanian women: effects of dietary red palm oil or sunflower oil supplementation.
Trial report in Immunology, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Mind to Milk: The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Composition of Human Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2010Pooled it
- Recurrent Severe Subclinical Mastitis and the Risk of HIV Transmission Through Breastfeeding.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Effect of Postnatal HIV Treatment on Clinical Mastitis and Breast Inflammation in HIV-Infected Breast-feeding Women.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2017Trial
- Increased Epstein-Barr virus in breast milk occurs with subclinical mastitis and HIV shedding.Medicine · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Vitamin A supplementation increases ratios of proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in pregnancy and lactation.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2006Trial
- Assessment of maternal diet inflammatory status and inflammatory markers in human breast milk.PloS one · 2026Article
- Subclinical mastitis during lactation: a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?Medical hypotheses · 2025Article
- The Role of Targeted Microbiota Therapy in the Prevention and Management of Puerperal Mastitis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Somatic cell count as an indicator of subclinical mastitis and increased inflammatory response in asymptomatic lactating women.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Article
- The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating European Women.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previously, we have found that subclinical breast inflammation, as indicated by raised breastmilk concentrations of sodium and the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), was highly prevalent in Bangladesh and associated with poor infant growth. In order to investigate further the prevalence of subclinical breast inflammation and to assess the impact of dietary intervention, we studied rural Tanzanian women taking part in a study of dietary sunflower or red palm oil supplementation during late pregnancy and lactation. We measured breastmilk concentrations of IL-8, the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta) and the ratio of sodium to potassium. We also estimated systemic inflammation by plasma concentrations of the acute phase proteins, alpha1-acid glycoprotein and C-reactive protein. There were highly significant intercorrelations among milk Na/K ratio and concentrations of IL-8 and TGF-beta, the last only after treatment with bile salts which also improved TGF-beta recovery in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma acute phase protein concentrations tended to correlate with milk Na/K ratio and IL-8, suggesting that subclinical breast inflammation was related to systemic inflammation. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E-rich sunflower oil but not provitamin A-containing red palm oil decreased milk Na/K, IL-8 and TGF-beta at 3 months postpartum; however, the effect was significant only for Na/K ratio. The results suggest that milk Na/K ratio, IL-8, and TGF-beta all measure the same phenomenon of subclinical breast inflammation but that Na/K ratio, having the lowest assay variability, is the most useful. Subclinical breast inflammation may result in part from systemic inflammation and may be improved by increased dietary intake of vitamin E-rich sunflower oil.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.