ArticleNature medicine1999
Cancer therapy using a self-replicating RNA vaccine.
Article in Nature medicine, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 323 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunogene therapy of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme with a liposomally encapsulated replication-incompetent Semliki forest virus vector carrying the human interleukin-12 gene--a phase I/II clinical protocol.Journal of neuro-oncologyTrial
- A low-dose self-amplifying mRNA vaccine encoding HPV16 E6/E7 induces potent T-cell immunity and antitumor protection in mice.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: The critical interplay between inflammation and expression.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Messenger RNA vaccines in the prevention of allergic diseases.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Review
- Research progress of mosquito-borne virus mRNA vaccines.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Review
- Viral Vector-Based Cancer Vaccines.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Review
- Cancer biotherapy: review and prospect.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Development of Zika Virus Mini-Replicon Based Single-Round Infectious Particles as Gene Delivery Vehicles.Viruses · 2023Article
- Cancer vaccine strategies using self-replicating RNA viral platforms.Cancer gene therapy · 2023Review
- Smuggling on the Nanoscale-Fusogenic Liposomes Enable Efficient RNA-Transfer with Negligible Immune Response In Vitro and In Vivo.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Application of DNA Replicons in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Review
- Lipid nanomaterials-based RNA therapy and cancer treatment.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2023Review
- Amplifying mRNA vaccines: potential versatile magicians for oncotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Vaccine development for zoonotic viral diseases caused by positive‑sense single‑stranded RNA viruses belonging to theExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Review
- Alphaviruses in Immunotherapy and Anticancer Therapy.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- The Delivery of mRNA Vaccines for Therapeutics.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Multimeric RNAs for efficient RNA-based therapeutics and vaccines.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2022Review
- Messenger RNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy: progress promotes promise.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Review
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
'Naked' nucleic acid vaccines are potentially useful candidates for the treatment of patients with cancer, but their clinical efficacy has yet to be demonstrated. We sought to enhance the immunogenicity of a nucleic acid vaccine by making it 'self-replicating'. We accomplished this by using a gene encoding an RNA replicase polyprotein derived from the Semliki forest virus, in combination with a model antigen. A single intramuscular injection of a self-replicating RNA immunogen elicited antigen-specific antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses at doses as low as 0.1 microg. Pre-immunization with a self-replicating RNA vector protected mice from tumor challenge, and therapeutic immunization prolonged the survival of mice with established tumors. The self-replicating RNA vectors did not mediate the production of substantially more model antigen than a conventional DNA vaccine did in vitro. However, the enhanced efficacy in vivo correlated with a caspase-dependent apoptotic death in transfected cells. This death facilitated the uptake of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells, providing a potential mechanism for enhanced immunogenicity. Naked, non-infectious, self-replicating RNA may be an excellent candidate for the development of new cancer vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.