ArticleInfection and immunity1999
Role of the 85-kilobase plasmid and plasmid-encoded virulence-associated protein A in intracellular survival and virulence of Rhodococcus equi.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nebulization of an mRNA-encoded monoclonal antibody for passive immunization of foals against Rhodococcus equi.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Multi-host distribution of Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi) strains and their phylogenomic clustering.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Enteral immunization with live bacteria reprograms innate immune cells and protects neonatal foals from pneumonia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulator VirR Responds to Temperature and pH and Directly Activates the Transcription ofInternational journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Residue Accumulation Contributes to Higher Levels ofVeterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Impact of surface receptors TLR2, CR3, and FcγRIII onInfection and immunity · 2024Article
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- Exploring the Accessory Genome of Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association of pneumonia with concentrations of virulent Rhodococcus equi in fecal swabs of foals before and after intrabronchial infection with virulent R. equi.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
- The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Identification of genes required for the fitness of Rhodococcus equi during the infection of mice via signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2021Article
- Epidemiology and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Rhodococcus equi.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Virulence Plasmids ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Opsonization but not pretreatment of equine macrophages with hyperimmune plasma nonspecifically enhances phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Rhodococcus equi.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2021Article
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- Effect of Macrolide and Rifampin Resistance on Fitness ofInfection and immunity · 2019Article
- The pathogenic actinobacterium Rhodococcus equi: what's in a name?Molecular microbiology · 2019Review
- Effect of Macrolide and Rifampin Resistance on the Fitness of Rhodococcus equi.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages and a cause of pneumonia in young horses (foals) and immunocompromised people. Isolates of R. equi from pneumonic foals typically contain large, 85- or 90-kb plasmids encoding a highly immunogenic virulence-associated protein (VapA). The objective of this study was to determine the role of the 85-kb plasmid and VapA in the intracellular survival and virulence of R. equi. Clinical isolates containing the plasmid and expressing VapA efficiently replicated within mouse macrophages in vitro, while plasmid-cured derivatives of these organisms did not multiply intracellularly. An isolate harboring the large plasmid also replicated in the tissues of experimentally infected mice, whereas its plasmid-cured derivative was rapidly cleared. All foals experimentally infected with a plasmid-containing clinical isolate developed severe bronchopneumonia, whereas the foals infected with its plasmid-cured derivative remained asymptomatic and free of visible lung lesions. By day 14 postinfection, lung bacterial burdens had increased considerably in foals challenged with the plasmid-containing clinical isolate. In contrast, bacteria could no longer be cultured from the lungs of foals challenged with the isogenic plasmid-cured derivative. A recombinant, plasmid-cured derivative expressing wild-type levels of VapA failed to replicate in macrophages and remained avirulent for both mice and foals. These results show that the 85-kb plasmid of R. equi is essential for intracellular replication within macrophages and for development of disease in the native host, the foal. However, expression of VapA alone is not sufficient to restore the virulence phenotype.
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