ReviewImmunologic research1999
CD28/CTLA-4 and CD80/CD86 families: signaling and function.
Review in Immunologic research, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Agonistic bispecific antibodies: an emerging frontier in antibody therapeutics.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Targeted Epigenetic Activation ofBiomedicines · 2026Article
- Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: functional barriers, reprogramming strategies and translational challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Functional interaction between immune checkpoints and lipid metabolism in the development of arteriosclerosis obliterans.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Inflammation, glucose metabolism, and nutritional markers in relation to all-cause and cardiac mortality among initial hemodialysis patients: a multicenter cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Revealing the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint proteins across diverse protein families.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Spatial dynamics of mammalian brain development and neuroinflammation by multimodal tri-omics mapping.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Macrophages and HLA-Class II Alleles in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights in Therapeutic Dynamics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Artificial Targets: a versatile cell-free platform to characterize CAR T cell functionFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Smoking increases risk of complication after musculoskeletal surgery: analysis of single immune parameter to predict complication risk.EXCLI journal · 2024Article
- CTLA-4 and its inhibitors in esophageal cancer: efficacy of therapy and potential mechanisms of adverse events.American journal of cancer research · 2023Review
- Comprehensive analysis of the immune pattern of T cell subsets in chronic myeloid leukemia before and after TKI treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Regulation of immune response against third-stageFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- PTX3 mediates the infiltration, migration, and inflammation-resolving-polarization of macrophages in glioblastoma.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2022Article
- Genetic engineering of pigs for xenotransplantation to overcome immune rejection and physiological incompatibilities: The first clinical steps.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- mRNAsi-related genes can effectively distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma into new molecular subtypes.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2022Article
- Review
- Review
- Effect of Cellular-Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells Expressing ICOSL, in T-cell Subtypes Differentiation and Activation.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2021Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T cell stimulation in the absence of a second, costimulatory signal can lead to anergy or the induction of cell death. CD28 is a major T cell costimulatory receptor, the coengagement of which can prevent anergy and cell death. The CD28 receptor is a member of a complex family of polypeptides that includes at least two receptors and two ligands. Cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4, CD152) is the second member of the CD28 receptor family. The ligands or counterreceptors for these two proteins are the B7 family members, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). This article reviews the CD28/CTLA4 and CD80/CD86 families, and outlines the functional outcomes and biochemical signaling pathways recruited after CD28 ligation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.