ReviewJournal of accident & emergency medicine1999
Multiple organ failure. How valid is the "two hit" model?
Review in Journal of accident & emergency medicine, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vascular leakage during circulatory failure: physiopathology, impact and treatments.Annals of intensive care · 2025Review
- Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Differential clinical benefits of continuous blood purification treatment in critically ill patients with variable APACHE II scores.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2019Article
- Article
- Divergence of the response induced by xenogenic immunization in the sepsis survival of rats.PloS one · 2015Article
- Addressing the Global Burden of Trauma in Major Surgery.Frontiers in surgery · 2015Review
- Role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in a 'two-hit' model of hypoxia and oxidative stress in human A549 epithelial cells in vitro.International journal of molecular medicine · 2013Article
- Article
- [Cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery].Der Anaesthesist · 2012Review
- Peritoneal fluid: a potential mechanism of systemic neutrophil priming in experimental intra-abdominal sepsis.American journal of surgery · 2012Article
- Glucocorticoid therapy for trauma--ready for prime time?Critical care (London, England) · 2012Article
- Laparotomy attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced gastric bleeding in the rat.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory "one hit" and "two hit" models have recently been proposed to account for the development of multiple organ failure (MOF) in trauma and critically ill surgical patients when no source of infection can be found. In the "one hit" model, the initial insult is so massive that a systemic inflammatory response syndrome is triggered and leads rapidly to MOF. In the "two hit" scenario, initially less severely injured patients eventually develop MOF as a result of a reactivation of their inflammatory response caused by an adverse and often minor intercurrent event. At first sight, the theory is attractive because it seems to fit commonly observed clinical patterns. Indeed, injured patients often respond to initial resuscitation but, after an insult of some sort, develop organ dysfunction and die. The "two hit" model is furthermore mirrored at the cellular level. Inflammatory cells are indeed susceptible of being primed by an initial stimulus and reactivated subsequently by a relatively innocuous insult. However, in the absence of clinical and biological corroboration based on cytokine secretion patterns, these models should not be accepted uncritically.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.