ArticleGenes & development1999
Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation.
Article in Genes & development, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 142 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
142 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 446 citations in OpenAlex.
- American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2014Guideline
- Thyroid hormone regulatory system in the mouse retina: integrated transcriptional and translational analysis of deiodinase enzymes, thyroid hormone receptors and thyroid hormone transporters.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- The dual function model revisited by thyroid hormone receptor knockouts: Unliganded state controlling the initiation of adult organ development while liganded state ensuring larval tissue resorption during metamorphosis.Developmental biology · 2026Review
- Understanding thyroid hormone receptor function in controlling developmental timing and rate in Xenopus: A journey from biochemistry and molecular biology to genetics.General and comparative endocrinology · 2026Review
- Review
- Thyroid hormone receptor subtype-specific function in controlling organ-specific developmental timing and rate duringFrontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Neuroendocrinology of bone.Pituitary · 2024Review
- Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Retinal Development and Function: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Disruption of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Thrab Leads to Female Infertility in Zebrafish.Endocrinology · 2024Article
- Thyroid hormone-regulated chromatin landscape and transcriptional sensitivity of the pituitary gland.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Thyroid hormone receptor α1: a novel regulator of thyroid cancer cell differentiation.Oncogene · 2023Article
- Liver development duringiScience · 2023Article
- Comparative Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles Reveals Distinct and Organ-Dependent Genomic and Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone inThyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2023Article
- A Cross-Species Analysis Reveals Dysthyroidism of the Ovaries as a Common Trait of Premature Ovarian Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Essential and subtype-dependent function of thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus metamorphosis.Vitamins and hormones · 2023Review
- The thyroid hormone enhances mouse embryonic fibroblasts reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells: role of the nuclear receptor corepressor 1.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- TRα2-An Untuned Second Fiddle or Fine-Tuning Thyroid Hormone Action?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Role of Nuclear Receptors in Controlling Erythropoiesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Thyrotropin, Hyperthyroidism, and Bone Mass.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Review
- XB130 Deficiency Causes Congenital Hypothyroidism in Mice due to Disorganized Apical Membrane Structure and Function of Thyrocytes.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2021Article
82 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) has widespread functions in development and homeostasis, although the receptor pathways by which this diversity arises are unclear. Deletion of the T3 receptors TRalpha1 or TRbeta individually reveals only a small proportion of the phenotypes that arise in hypothyroidism, implying that additional pathways must exist. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking both TRalpha1 and TRbeta (TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/-) display a novel array of phenotypes not found in single receptor-deficient mice, including an extremely hyperactive pituitary-thyroid axis, poor female fertility and retarded growth and bone maturation. These results establish that major T3 actions are mediated by common pathways in which TRalpha1 and TRbeta cooperate with or substitute for each other. Thus, varying the balance of use of TRalpha1 and TRbeta individually or in combination facilitates control of an extended spectrum of T3 actions. There was no evidence for any previously unidentified T3 receptors in TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/- mouse tissues. Compared to the debilitating symptoms of severe hypothyroidism, the milder overall phenotype of TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/- mice, lacking all known T3 receptors, indicates divergent consequences for hormone versus receptor deficiency. These distinctions suggest that T3-independent actions of T3 receptors, demonstrated previously in vitro, may be a significant function in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.