ArticleImmunology1999
An in vivo comparison of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and cytokine-secreting BCG vaccines.
Article in Immunology, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recombinant BCG to Enhance Its Immunomodulatory Activities.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Transposon libraries identify novel Mycobacterium bovis BCG genes involved in the dynamic interactions required for BCG to persist during in vivo passage in cattle.BMC genomics · 2019Article
- Efficacy and Safety of BCG Vaccine for Control of Tuberculosis in Domestic Livestock and Wildlife.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2018Review
- Use of the Human Vaccine,Frontiers in veterinary science · 2018Review
- Article
- Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: a primer on immunotherapy.Cancer biology & medicine · 2016Article
- Novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of urothelial carcinoma.Therapeutic advances in urology · 2016Review
- Evolving immunotherapy strategies in urothelial cancer.American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting · 2015Review
- Assessment of an oral Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and an inactivated M. bovis preparation for wild boar in terms of adverse reactions, vaccine strain survival, and uptake by nontarget species.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy: BCG and Beyond.Advances in urology · 2012Article
- Th1 cytokine-secreting recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and prospective use in immunotherapy of bladder cancer.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2011Review
- Article
- New therapies in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treatment.Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of IndiaReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been developed, which constitutively secretes interleukin (IL)-2. Groups of deer were immunized with either normal BCG (Pasteur 1173 P2 strain) or recombinant BCG (rBCG/IL-2) and their immune responses were monitored over 3 months. Animals gained weight over this period and showed no signs of adverse reactions to either vaccine. Lymphocyte transformation responses did not differ significantly between the two groups. No antibody that was specific for BCG was detected in any animal. Intradermal skin-test responses to BCG antigens showed that the rBCG/IL-2 induced a smaller delayed-type hypersensitivity response than the normal BCG. Cytokine transcription was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). While IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels did not differ significantly between the two groups, the level of IL-4 was found to be lower in the group given rBCG/IL-2. This resulted in a strong interferon-gamma:IL-4 ratio, suggesting a skewing of the immune response towards a Type 1 response. The rate at which the vaccine was eliminated from the host was the same regardless of whether BCG or rBCG was used. At autopsy (3 months after vaccination) 99.99% of the organisms had been eliminated. The small number of organisms isolated from the draining lymph node of animals given rBCG/IL-2 were grown in antibiotic-containing media. They were shown to still contain the shuttle plasmid and to secrete biologically active IL-2, indicating that the plasmid was stably maintained despite the host's immune response and in the absence of antibiotic selection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.