ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)1999
Unopposed production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by tumors inhibits CD8+ T cell responses by dysregulating antigen-presenting cell maturation.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 400 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychological stress is associated with altered levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer patients.Cellular immunology · 2011Trial
- All-trans-retinoic acid improves differentiation of myeloid cells and immune response in cancer patients.Cancer research · 2006Trial
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- Prolonged Loss of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Mass Characterize CD66bbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Metastasis-promoting functions of myeloid cells.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment and their targeting in cancer therapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccines: A Focused Review.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Lactate modulates the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells via Ten-Eleven-Translocation-2-mediated demethylation of glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 in lung cancer model.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Convergent inducers and effectors of T cell paralysis in the tumour microenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Dysfunction of dendritic cells in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2024Review
- Tissue- and Temporal-Dependent Dynamics of Myeloablation in Response to Gemcitabine Chemotherapy.Cells · 2024Article
- Chemoradiotherapy and Lymph Node Metastasis Affect Dendritic Cell Infiltration and Maturation in Regional Lymph Nodes of Laryngeal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Dose-Specific Intratumoral GM-CSF Modulates Breast Tumor Oxygenation and Antitumor Immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Unpacking the Complexity of Epithelial Plasticity: From Master Regulator Transcription Factors to Non-Coding RNAs.Cancers · 2023Review
- Role and research progress of hematological markers in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Diagnostic pathology · 2023Review
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and COVID-19 as Associated with Oxidative Stress.Vaccines · 2023Review
- M-MDSCFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Effect of NETs/COX-2 pathway on immune microenvironment and metastasis in gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Antitumor strategies targeting macrophages: the importance of considering the differences in differentiation/polarization processes between human and mouse macrophages.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: an emerging target for anticancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2022Review
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor cells gene-modified to produce GM-CSF potently stimulate antitumor immune responses, in part, by causing the growth and differentiation of dendritic cells (DC). However, GM-CSF-modified tumor cells must be gamma-irradiated or they will grow progressively, killing the host. We observed that 23 of 75 (31%) human tumor lines and two commonly used mouse tumor lines spontaneously produced GM-CSF. In mice, chronic GM-CSF production by tumors suppressed Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, an inhibitory population of adherent CD11b(Mac-1)/Gr-1 double-positive cells caused the observed impairment of CD8+ T cell function upon direct cell-to-cell contact. The inhibitory cells were positive for some markers associated with Ag presenting cells, like F4/80, but were negative for markers associated with fully mature DC like DEC205, B7. 2, and MHC class II. We have previously reported that a similar or identical population of inhibitory "immature" APC was elicited after immunization with powerful recombinant immunogens. We show here that these inhibitory cells can be elicited by the administration of recombinant GM-CSF alone, and, furthermore, that they can be differentiated ex vivo into "mature" APC by the addition of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Thus, tumors may be able to escape from immune detection by producing "unopposed" GM-CSF, thereby disrupting the balance of cytokines needed for the maturation of fully functional DC. Further, CD11b/Gr-1 double-positive cells may function as "inhibitory" APC under the influence of GM-CSF alone.
Indexed as
Identifiers
10229805PMC2228333W1788753937What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.